Acquired resistance triggered by elicitins in tobacco and other plants

Elicitins are a family of proteins excreted byPhytophthora spp. They exhibit high sequence homology but large net charge differences. They induce necrosis in tobacco plants which then become resistant to the tobacco pathogenPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. In stem-treated plants, resistance was not restricted to the site of elicitin application, but could be demonstrated by petiole inoculation at all levels on the stem. Resistance was already maximum after two days and lasted for at least two weeks. It was effective not only towardsP. p. var.nicotianae infection, but also against the unrelated pathogenSclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast to dichloroisonicotinic acid, an artificial inducer of systemic acquired resistance, which was increasingly effective with doses ranging from 0.25 to 5mole per plant, the basic elicitin cryptogein exhibited a threshold effect, inducing near total resistance and extensive leaf necrosis above 0.1 nmole per plant. Between 1 and 5 nmole, acidic elicitins (capsicein and parasiticein) protected tobacco plants with hardly any necrotic symptom. Elicitins exhibited similar effects in various tobacco cultivars andNicotiana species, although with quantitative differences, but induced neither necrosis nor protection in other SolanaceÆ (tomato, petunia and pepper). Among 24 additional species tested belonging to 18 botanical families, only some BrassicaceÆ, noticeably rape, exhibited symptoms in response to elicitins, in a cultivar-specific manner. Elicitins appear to be natural specific triggers for systemic acquired resistance and provide a tool for unraveling the mechanisms leading to its establishment.Abbreviations AR acquired resistance - HR hypersensitive response - INA 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid - Ppn Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae - SAR systemic acquired resistance     

Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: influence on apothecial production

The effects of different inocula of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different times of year were assessed. A series of three glasshouse box bioassays was used to compare the effect of five spore-suspension inocula of C. minitans , including three different isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans), with a standard maizemeal–perlite inoculum. Apothecial production, as well as viability and C. minitans infection of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia buried in treated soil, were assessed. Maizemeal–perlite inoculum at 10⁷ CFU per cm³ soil reduced sclerotial germination and apothecial production in all three box bioassays, decreasing sclerotial recovery and viability in the second bioassay and increasing C. minitans infection of sclerotia in the first bioassay. Spore-suspension inocula applied at a lower concentration (10⁴ CFU per cm³ soil) were inconsistent in their effects on sclerotial germination in the three box bioassays. Temperature was an important factor influencing apothecial production. Sclerotial germination was delayed or inhibited when bioassays were made in the summer. High temperatures also inhibited infection of sclerotia by C. minitans . Coniothyrium minitans survived these high temperatures, however, and infected the sclerotia once the temperature decreased to a lower level. Inoculum level of C. minitans was an important factor in reducing apothecial production by sclerotia. The effects of temperature on both carpogenic germination of sclerotia and parasitism of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.     

1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂对油菜菌核病的防治效果

用100倍、300倍和500倍的1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂稀释液,通过室内离体叶片接菌、田间植株接菌和在自然发病情况下对油菜进行喷施药试验。结果表明,不同倍数稀释液1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂处理对油菜菌核病均有一定的防(抑)治效果。室内离体叶片接菌鉴定其抑制率分别为79.53%、68.27%、26.47%,田间接种鉴定的防治效果分别为30.1%、29.9%、19.12%,在不接种自然发病情况下,防治效果分别达到为70.89%、66.24%、34.20%。由此可见1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂能有效控制油菜菌核病害蔓延发展,保护油菜的运输器官,保护油菜叶片免收危害,确保油菜正常光合作用,增加粒质量和角粒数,增产保产效果明显。     

知识产权对接中小企业模式研究

知识产权是企业核心竞争力的重要来源,特别是中小企业发展壮大的有效手段,因此中小企业亟须提升知识产权创造、运用、保护和管理能力.实施中小企业对接知识产权模式的有效途径是:企业进一步提高对知识产权的认识与自主创新能力,加快知识产权人才培养;同时政府要在知识产权交易、服务、运用和产权保护等方面发挥主导作用.     

异恶草酮对三叶浮萍的毒性研究

以三叶浮萍为对象,研究了异恶草酮对其生长及体内色素的影响作用。结果表明:异恶草酮对浮萍生长抑制的24 hIC50为8.86 mg/L4、8 h IC50为5.21 mg/L7、2 h IC50为1.92 mg/L、96 h IC50为1.66 mg/L,对浮萍体内叶色素的影响作用呈良好的浓度(剂量)-效应关系,随着处理浓度的增大,浮萍体内的叶绿素和胡萝卜素含量明显减少,且叶绿素a/b值也随处理浓度的增大而减小。     

向日葵菌核病生防放线菌的分离筛选及拮抗作用的初探

根据微生物间的拮抗作用,试从病地土壤中分离拮抗放线菌,探索利用放线菌对向日葵菌核病进行生物防治的途径。从内蒙古呼和浩特市、巴彦淖尔、包头等地所采集的土壤中分离出38个放线菌菌株,经过平板拮抗作用初测,有8个菌株(F-1、F-3、F-6、F-8、F-11、F-15、F-21、F-25)对向日葵核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)有拮抗作用。选出其中2个作用最明显的菌株(F-6、F-8),观察其在平板对峙培养中对向日葵核盘菌的抑制作用及其代谢产物对向日葵核盘菌的作用。结果表明:F-6、F-8菌株及其代谢产物对向日葵核盘菌均有明显的抑菌作用。同时,对F-6、F-8两菌株的培养性状和形态特征进行了初步观察。     

2019年及近年我国农药登记情况和特点分析

总结、分析了2019年及近年我国农药登记的基本情况和特点。最近7年来,每年微毒/低毒农药登记数量与当年农药登记总量的比值,及与本年度新增登记数量的比值均持续上升,其比值的年均值分别为82.0%和93.4%;环境友好的剂型在迅速增加,悬浮剂与本年度新增产品登记数量的比值一直处于领先位置,可分散油悬浮剂的比值增长突显,乳油比值在逐年递减;杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂3大类农药登记数量与本年度新增登记数量的比值趋向显著平均;低风险的新农药登记数量在不断增加,生物源农药登记数量增长稳定,5年来其有效成分和产品的年均增长率分别为9.88%和9.46%。从政策和技术上促进特色小宗作物用药登记产品数量快速增加。上述特点表明,我国农药正朝着有利于人畜健康和生态环境安全的方向发展。     

Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.     

有益生防菌包衣处理不同油菜品种种子对菌核病发病率及产量的影响研究

油菜菌核病是油菜上的重要病害之一,在四川局部地区油菜根肿病时有发生,严重威胁到油菜安全生产。以油菜菌核病和根肿病为防治对象,与华中农业大学合作,利用其筛选的有益生防菌,选择双低和高芥酸油菜品种国豪油8号和绵油309,对其种子进行包衣处理,分别在无和有根肿病史的水旱轮作地,开展田间试验。试验结果表明：有益生防菌包衣处理的菌核病发病率均低于没有包衣处理;包衣处理的不同品种产量均高于没有包衣处理,但品种间有差异;包衣处理过的高芥酸油菜品种绵油309的产量高于包衣处理过的双低油菜品种国豪油8号;在有根肿病史试验田种植的菌核病发病率低于无根肿病史试验田,产量高于无根肿病史试验田。包衣处理对油菜根肿病的防治效果不显著。     

基于文献计量学核盘菌研究现状及趋势分析

核盘菌是当今世界上最难防治的农业植物病原真菌之一,对植物生产危害极大,核盘菌的致病性研究备受国内外专家、学者的关注。本文运用文献计量学方法,统计2002-2017年间SCIE数据库收录的相关核盘菌研究文献1 972篇,通过对论文产出数量和被引次数进行数据分析,综合考量论文的学术影响力,全面反映目前世界核盘菌研究现状及发展态势。核盘菌研究领域科研论文数量呈上升趋势,美国、中国、加拿大是核盘菌研究领域的主要发文国家。Plant Disease和European Journal of Plant Pathology是核盘菌研究领域发文的主要刊源,我国核盘菌相关研究文献数量近年来增长迅速,华中农业大学、中国农业科学院、南京农业大学等是我国核盘菌研究领域科研实力较强的机构。把握时机,加强科研国际合作与交流,增加论文的学术影响力是我国今后的发展方向。