NaCl胁迫对2种柑橘砧木生长及盐离子分布的影响

以耐盐性不同的柑橘砧木枳和枸头橙为材料,分析NaCl胁迫后植株生长表现以及盐离子（Na+和Cl-）在叶片、茎和根中的含量。结果表明：NaCl胁迫降低了植株的株高和干重,而枳的下降幅度高于枸头橙。NaCl胁迫导致2种砧木叶片相对电导率升高,枳高于枸头橙。此外,NaCl处理后2种砧木叶片、茎和根中的Na+和Cl-含量均上升。除了处理21天内枳叶片Cl-含量低于枸头橙外,其他时间枳叶片和茎中的盐离子含量均高于枸头橙。在根中,NaCl处理15天内枳中的Na+和Cl-含量高于枸头橙,其后则是枸头橙高于枳。     

盐度对黄鳍鲷幼鱼消化酶活性的影响及消化酶活性的昼夜变化

研究了盐度对黄鳍鲷幼鱼主要消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶)的影响及消化酶活性的昼夜变化。实验设计5、10、15、20、25、30等6个盐度梯度组。结果表明,蛋白酶、脂肪酶的比活在盐度为25时最高,而淀粉酶的比活在盐度为20时最高。各种消化酶在盐度20~30时消化酶比活的平均值要明显高于5~15时消化酶的平均值。对黄鳍鲷消化酶比活昼夜变化的测定表明,蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶比活的最高值分别在14∶00、20∶00和18∶00,最低值分别是12∶00、10∶00和6∶00。     

盐度、pH对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)滤水率和摄食率的影响

采用静态法,以文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为受试生物,研究了不同盐度(16、18、20、22和24)和pH(6.7、7.7、8.7、9.7和10.7)对文蛤滤水率和摄食率的影响.结果显示,在16-24盐度范围内,文蛤滤水率和摄食率随盐度增加均呈先升后降的变化趋势,盐度为20组(对照组)文蛤的滤水率和摄食率均为最大值,分别为1.51 L/g·h、6.65 mgPOM/g·h,显著高于盐度为16、18、22、24实验组(P＜0.05),推测文蛤最适生长盐度范围为20左右.pH在6.7-10.7范围内,文蛤滤水率和摄食率均随pH增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,pH=8.7(对照组)文蛤的滤水率和摄食率均为最大值,分别为1.04 L/g·h、11.91 mgPOM/g.h,显著高于6.7、9.7、10.7实验组(P＜0.05),而与pH=7.7实验组差异并不显著(P＞0.05),推测文蛤最适生长pH范围为7.7-8.7.研究结果可为文蛤池塘健康养殖提供参考.     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

The effects of sodium chloride on ornamental shrubs

The use of saline waters is an option for the irrigation of salt tolerant ornamentals as competition for high quality water increases. However, despite the importance of ornamental shrubs in Mediterranean areas, salt tolerance of such species has received little attention. The aims of our investigation were to quantify the growth response and any injury symptom of 12 widely cultivated ornamental shrubs to irrigation with saline water and to investigate any possible relation with the concentration of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the plants. Species were irrigated with different salinities (10, 40, and 70 mM NaCl) for a 120-day period. At the end of salt treatment, plants were sampled and dry biomass recorded; the relative growth rate (RGR) was also calculated. Root and leaf samples from each species were used to evaluate Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations. Growth rates were significantly reduced in Cotoneaster lacteus, Grevillea juniperina and Pyracantha ‘Harlequin’, which also showed the highest percentage of necrotic leaves. The increasing external NaCl lead to an increase of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in roots and leaves of the different species, although less Na⁺ was accumulated than Cl⁻: growth reduction well correlated with the concentration of Cl⁻ and/or Na⁺ in the leaves. The most sensitive species (i.e. C. lacteus, G. juniperina and Pyracantha ‘Harlequin’) had high concentrations of Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ in their leaves and also showed a decrease in their leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Even though other species (i.e. Bougainvillea glabra, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucophyllum frutescens and Ruttya fruticosa) demonstrated a high ion concentration in their leaves, they could be considered relatively salt tolerant as there was little growth reduction and few symptoms of injury in the leaves. In some other cases (i.e. Cestrum fasciculatum, Escallonia rubra and Viburnum lucidum) the observed tolerance was related to higher ion concentration in the roots compared to the leaves, probably indicative of a limited transport to the shoots. Only in Eugenia myrtifolia was the absence of symptoms associated with a limited Na⁺ and Cl⁻ uptake from the rhizosphere.     

Irrigation management practices of cabbage farmers in Botswana using saline groundwater

All horticultural production in Botswana is irrigated, as average rainfall is less than average reference evapotranspiration in all parts of the country for all of the year, and most of the irrigation in the country is used for horticultural crops. In the main, the water used for irrigation comes from groundwater, and much of this can be classified as moderately saline. A survey was carried out of 60 cabbage farmers in five regions of the country to identify the level of salinity of irrigation water and the irrigation practices used. It was concluded that there was no relationship between the irrigation rate (average irrigation depth divided by average irrigation interval) and the salinity of the water used or the salinity of the soil, such that some farmers were over-irrigating and others under-irrigating. This means that water is being wasted and yields are likely to be reduced. In addition, there is a risk of long-term build-up of salinity and soil degradation.     

河蟹幼体对盐度变化忍受力的初步研究

本试验对河蟹氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅴ幼体及１～２日龄大眼幼体在盐度变化情况下的忍受力进行了观察，试验结果显示：氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅲ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于１‰；氵蚤Ⅳ～Ⅴ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于２‰～３‰；至１～２日龄大眼幼体阶段盐度日降幅于５‰以下对存活率已无多大影响。     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

非生物胁迫下硅素营养对植物的作用及其机理

硅是对植物生长有益的一种营养元素,能提高作物的产量,改善作物品质。目前有文献报道,硅还可以提高植物对非生物胁迫的抵抗能力。综述了国内外有关硅素营养在减轻铝、锰、盐分、重金属对植物毒害中的作用及机理方面的研究。     

Identification of QTLs associated with salinity tolerance at late growth stage in barley

Salinity is a major abiotic stress to barley (Hordum vulgare L.) growth and yield. In the current study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield and physiological components at the late growth stage under salt stress and non-stress environments were determined in barley using a double haploid population derived from a cross between CM72 (salt-tolerant) and Gairdner (salt-sensitive). A total of 30 QTLs for 10 traits, including tiller numbers (TN), plant height, spikes per line (SPL), spikes per plant (SPP), dry weight per plant, grains per plant, grain yield, shoot Na⁺ (NA) and K⁺ concentraitions (K) in shoot, and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio (NAK), were detected, with 17 and 13 QTLs under non-stress and salt stress, respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 3.25 to 29.81%. QTL flanked by markers bPb-1278 and bPb-8437 on chromosomes 4H was associated with TN, SPL, and SPP under salt stress. This locus may be useful in the breeding program of marker-assisted selection for improving salt tolerance of barley. However, QTLs associated with NA, K, and NAK differed greatly between non-stress and salt stress environments. It may be suggested that only the QTLs detected under salt stress are really associated with salt tolerance in barley. D. Xue and Y. Huang contributed equally to the article.