Effect of salidroside on alcohol-injuced hepatic injury in rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of salidroside on alcoholic hepatic injury in rats. METHODS:The SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:negative control group, model group, bifendate group, and low-and high-dose salidroside groups. The rats in model group were administered with 56% alcohol, while the rats in negative control group was administered with saline. The rats in bifendate group and salidroside groups were administered with corresponding drugs every day. The blood and the liver tissues were collected to measure triacylglycerol (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The pathological changes of the liver tissues were observed with HE staining. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured by ELISA and the protein and mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and NF-κB were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. RESULTS:Compared with model group, the levels of TG, ALT, AST, MDA, TNF-α and NF-κB were reduced, while the activity of SOD was enhanced in salidroside group (P<0.05). The liver tissue injury was significantly attenuated. CONCLUSION:Salidroside improves the pathological changes, reduces inflammation, increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduces lipid peroxidation in the liver with alcohol-induced injury. This effect may be related to regulating the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses.     

Protective effects of salidroside on endothelial progenitor cells damaged by radiation

AIM: To explore the protective effects of salidroside on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) damaged by radiation and its mechanisms.METHODS: EPCs from normal peripheral blood were cultured in fibronectin-coated flasks with endothelial progenitor medium. The effects of salidroside on the viability, migration, adhesion and apoptosis of radiation-damaged EPCs were detected. The viability, apoptosis and migration of the cells were assayed by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and Transwell chamber experiment, respectively. The cell adhesion assay was performed by re-plating the cells on fibronectin-coated dishes, and then the adherent cells were counted. The expression of Akt protein in the cells was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS: Salidroside improved the viability, and migratory and adhesive capacities of the EPCs, and decreased the apoptosis after radiation. Salidroside also increased the protein level of phosphorylated Akt. However, the effects of salidroside on radiation-damaged EPCs were inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSION: Salidroside protects EPCs from radiation damages and its mechanism is associated with enhancing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway.     

狭叶红景天有效成分提取工艺的研究

[目的]确定狭叶红景天药材的最佳提取工艺。[方法]采用超声、回流、冷浸法,选用甲醇、无水乙醇、纯水3种溶剂对狭叶红景天进行提取;采用L9（3^4）正交试验法,考察乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数4因素对红景天主要有效成分提取的影响。[结果]结果表明,回流提取为最适提取方法;甲醇提取效率最高,但考虑到生产成本,大量提取选用乙醇较适合;各因素对提取率的影响次序依次为：乙醇浓度〉提取时间〉料液比〉提取次数,最佳提取工艺条件为：8倍量60％乙醇回流提取2次,每次提取2．0h。[结论]该研究结果为有效利用狭叶红景天资源及其工业生产提供依据。     

高山红景天不同继代愈伤组织中红景天甙含量研究

[目的]研究在离体培养条件下红景天甙合成的特征。[方法]以高山红景天的种子和试管苗的茎、叶为外植体诱导愈伤组织,继代培养6次,测定每代愈伤组织中红景天甙的含量。[结果]以不同部位作为外植体诱导的愈伤组织中所含红景天甙的含量不同,茎诱导的愈伤组织中红景天甙含量最高,达6．2100mg／g,其次为种子诱导的愈伤组织,以叶为外植体诱导的愈伤组织中红景天甙含量最小。仅0．9968mg／g;红景天甙的含量在各继代培养的愈伤组织中的含量不同,在1～2代较低,3～5代最高,第6代明显下降。[结论]高山红景天中红景天甙含量与外植体和继代次数有关。     

红景天甙体外诱导人肝癌QGY-7703细胞凋亡研究

【目的】探讨红景天甙(Salidroside)体外诱导人肝癌QGY-7703细胞凋亡的作用及其可能的机制。【方法】-以体外培养的人肝癌QGY-7703细胞作为研究对象,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）比色法检测红景天甙对QGY-7703细胞生长的抑制作用,采用吖啶橙/溴化乙啶(AO/EB)荧光双染、琼脂糖凝胶电泳及流式细胞术,分析红景天甙对QGY-7703细胞凋亡的诱导作用;采用Western blot免疫印迹法探讨红景天甙诱导QGY-7703细胞凋亡的可能机制。【结果】-MTT比色法试验结果表明,0.01,0.1,1,10和100 μg/mL红景天甙对QGY-7703细胞生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,细胞生长抑制率分别为13.2%,21.9%,31.4%,46.8%和60.9%,半数抑制质量浓度(IC₅₀)为18.56 μg/mL;用10 μg/mL 红景天甙处理QGY-7703细胞48 h,AO/EB荧光双染后,可观察到个别QGY7703细胞呈现亮绿色或橘红色,表明细胞发生了凋亡;琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,10 μg/mL红景天甙作用QGY-7703细胞24,48 和72 h均可导致细胞核内DNA产生有序断裂,形成DNA梯形带;流式细胞术试验结果表明,10 μg/mL红景天甙的加入量为100 和200 μL时,QGY-7703细胞凋亡数分别为178和331个,相应的凋亡率分别为1.8%和3.5%,阴性对照组（10 μg/mL红景天甙加入量为0 μL）凋亡细胞数为105个,凋亡率仅为1.1％;Western blot免疫印迹分析结果表明,红景天甙下调了Bcl-2和PCNA蛋白的表达量,而使凋亡活化基因Bax与肿瘤抑制基因p53的蛋白表达量增高。【结论】 红景天甙对体外培养的QGY-7703细胞具有明显的生长抑制作用和诱导凋亡作用,其诱导凋亡作用与Bcl-2家族成员、p53、Bax和PCNA基因调控有关。     

HPCE法测定肉苁蓉中红景天苷的含量

[目的]建立采用高效毛细管电泳色谱法测定肉苁蓉中有效成分红景天苷含量的方法。[方法]采用毛细管区带电泳（CZE）：运行缓冲液为30mmol／L硼酸-硼砂缓冲液（pH=9．00）;工作电压8kV;柱温25℃;检测波长278nm。[结果]红景天苷含量在0．007—0．140mg／ml的浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9998）,加样回收率为1130．1％,RSD为1．4％。[结论]高效毛细管电泳法可用于测定肉苁蓉中红景天苷的含量,该方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好。     

Effect of salidroside on behaviors of primary mouse T-lymphocytes in vitro

AIM: To observe the effect of salidroside on behaviors of primary mouse T-lymphocytes in vitro. METHODS: The lymphocytes from the lymphoid nodes of BALB/c mice were isolated and primarily cultured. The viability of T cells was assessed by MTT assay. Fluorescence-conjugated monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to analyze the expression of T-cell activation marker CD69 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) staining was used to detect the proliferation of T cells in vitro. FCM analysis was used to determine the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the T cells by staining with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA). The mean fluorescence intensity of DiOC₆(3) staining in the T cells was detected by FCM in order to analyze the effects of salidroside on the activity of the mitochondrial and the mitochondrial membrane potential in the T cells induced by dexamethasone (DEX). The thymus T cells from BALB/c mice were isolated and primarily cultured, and then FCM was also used to analyze the apoptosis of the thymus T cells treated with DEX. RESULTS: Salidroside increased the expression of T-cell activation marker CD69 at the final concentration of 80, 160 and 320 μmol/L (P<0.05). Salidroside promoted the proliferation of T cells induced by Con A for 72 h in vitro (P<0.01). Salidroside reduced the production of ROS (P<0.05) and protected the mitochondrial membrane potential of T cells from the injury of DEX (P<0.01). Salidroside also decreased the apoptosis rate of the thymus T cells induced by DEX in vitro (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Salidroside promotes the activation and proliferation of T cells induced by Con A, reduces the production of ROS, maintains the mitochondrial membrane potential and protects thymus T cells against apoptosis induced by DEX in vitro.     

Salidroside increases release of intracellular free Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured rat cardiomyocytes

AIM: To observe the effects of salidroside on intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Primarily cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats were divided into control group, different concentrations of salidroside groups and verapamil pretreatment+different concentrations of salidroside groups. The fluorescent intensity of intercellular free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) in cultured cardiomyocytes of newborn rats loaded with fluo-3/AM(5 μmol/L) was measured by laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Salidroside at concentrations of 15 mg/L, 30 mg/L and 60 mg/L elevated [Ca²⁺]_i in cultured rat cardiomyocytes with the peak values of 574.08±4.65, 591.86±3.64 and 618.66±4.27, respectively (all P<0.01), indicating that the effect of salidroside on the level of [Ca²⁺]_i was dose-dependent. In the presence of verapamil in D-Hanks solution, salidroside also elevated the fluorescent intensity of [Ca²⁺]_i in cardiomyocytes from 357.74±3.13, 387.17±2.37 and 391.43±1.34 to 480.86±3.98, 496.70±3.08 and 522.18±3.19, respectively (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Salidroside increases the release of [Ca²⁺]_i from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured rat cardiomyocytes.     

响应面法优化热回流提取红景天苷工艺

[目的]建立一种快速准确、操作简便、生产经济的红景天苷的提取方法。[方法]以大花红景天的根为原料,以蒸馏水为溶媒,采用水浴回流浸提的方法提取红景天苷,研究了提取温度,提取时间,料液比,浸提次数和样品粒径5个因素对提取红景天中红景天苷的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计对红景天苷的提取工艺进行优化,以红景天苷提取率为响应值做响应面和等高线,分析各个因素的显著性和交互作用。[结果]得出水浴回流浸提法提取红景天苷最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度60.3℃,提取时间101 min,料液比1∶21 g/ml,提取1次,在此条件下红景天苷提取率为4.21%。[结论]研究为热回流提取红景天中红景天苷的工业化生产提供了理论依据。     

Effects of A2a adenosine receptor on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats treated with salidroside

AIM: To study the protective effect of A_2a adenosine receptor (A_2aAR) on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the rats treated with salidroside. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, hypoxia group, hypoxia+salidroside (low dose) group, hypoxia+salidroside (median dose) group, hypoxia+salidroside (high dose) group, and hypoxia+CGS-21680 (a selective agonist of A_2aAR) group. Pulmonary hypertension in the rats was produced for 4 weeks. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP) and the weight ratio of right ventricle/(left ventricle+septum)［RV/(LV+S)］ were measured. The expression of A_2aAR in the pulmonary arterioles was determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The mRNA expression of A2aAR in the lung tissues was detected by real-time RT-PCR. The protein level of A_2aAR in the lung tissues was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS: The mPAP in hypoxia group was significantly higher than that in normal control group. The mPAP in hypoxia+salidroside (high dose) group and CGS-21680 group was significantly lower than that in hypoxia group. RV/(LV+S) in hypoxia group were significantly higher than that in normal control group. RV/(LV+S) in hypoxia+salidroside (median dose) group, hypoxia+salidroside (high dose) group and CGS-21680 group were lower than that in hypoxia group. The ratio of vessel wall area/vessel total area (WA/TA) in hypoxia group was significantly higher than that in normal control group. WA/TA in hypoxia+salidroside (low dose) group, hypoxia+salidroside (median dose) group, hypoxia+salidroside (high dose) group and CGS21680 group were obviously lower than that in hypoxia group. The expression of A_2aAR was significantly higher in hypoxia group than that in normal control group. The expression of A_2aAR in hypoxia+salidroside (high dose) group and CGS-21680 group was obviously higher than that in hypoxia group. CONCLUSION: The A_2aAR attenuates pulmonary vessel remodeling and pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia. Salidroside protects the pulmonary vessel from remodeling and inhibits the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by up-regulation of A_2aAR expression.