低档计算机的合理再利用

本文介绍厂一种通过将Windows 2000 Server的终端服务功能和第3方软件的有机结合，把低档计算机(286、386等)作为Windows 2000 Server服务器的终端，在终端上运行Windows 2000，Officc2000、PhotoShop、C语言、PAPAL语言等常用软件和下具的低档计算机再利用的方法。     

Action of deltamethrin on N-type (Cav2.2) voltage-sensitive calcium channels in rat brain

Isolated presynaptic nerve terminals prepared from whole rat brain were used to evaluate the action of deltamethrin on voltage-sensitive calcium channels by measuring calcium influx and endogenous glutamate release. Deltamethrin-enhanced K⁺-stimulated calcium influx and subsequent Ca²⁺-dependent glutamate release. The effect of deltamethrin was concentration-dependent, stereospecific, blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC but unaltered in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels are a site of action at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Electrophysiological studies were carried out using rat brain Ca_v2.2 and β₃ subunits coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes to validate such action. Deltamethrin reduced barium peak current in a concentraion-dependent and stereospecific manner, increased the rate of activation, and prolonged the inactivation rate of this channel. These experiments support the conclusion that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel operation is altered by deltamethrin.     

利用冷却塔的进、出水温差给T2航站楼供冷

介绍了空调系统冷却塔的制冷原理，提出了用冷却塔进、出水温差给T2航站楼供冷的具体措施。     

Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling

Water scarcity is a major constraint limiting grain legume production particularly in the arid and semi‐arid tropics. Different climate models have predicted changes in rainfall distribution and frequent drought spells for the future. Although drought impedes the productivity of grain legumes at all growth stages, its occurrence during reproductive and grain development stages (terminal drought) is more critical and usually results in significant loss in grain yield. However, the extent of yield loss depends on the duration and intensity of the stress. A reduction in the rate of net photosynthesis, and poor grain set and grain development are the principal reasons for terminal drought‐induced loss in grain yield. Insight into the impact and resistance mechanism of terminal drought is required for effective crop improvement programmes aiming to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes. In this article, the impact of terminal drought on leaf development and senescence, light harvesting and carbon fixation, and grain development and grain composition is discussed. The mechanisms of resistance, management options, and innovative breeding and functional genomics strategies to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes are also discussed.     

The value of incorporating carcass trait phenotypes in terminal sire selection indexes to improve carcass weight and quality of heavy lambs

Genetic selection for carcass traits is paramount to maximize the profitability and long‐term sustainability of any meat‐producing livestock species. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficiency of indicator traits for the genetic improvement of lamb carcass traits and to determine the value of including carcass traits into terminal sire selection indexes for the Canadian sheep industry. The carcass traits included hot carcass weight (HCW), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR) and average carcass conformation score (AVGCONF), and were measured on heavy lambs (slaughter age less than 365 days and HCW greater than 16.3 kg) in commercial abattoirs. Growth traits were found to be moderately efficient indicator traits for the genetic improvement of HCW but selection on ultrasound traits was necessary to substantially improve the carcass quality traits (FATGR and AVGCONF). Economic selection indexes were designed by adding various combinations of carcass traits into the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System terminal indexes. Records measured on individuals and progeny were assumed to be the sources of information for live animal and carcass traits, respectively. The changes in index accuracy, efficiency and expected correlated response were used to assess the value of their inclusion. HCW was found to have a large economic value, and its inclusion into terminal selection indexes was expected to substantially increase their accuracy (0.08–0.12 points) and efficiency (20%–30%). However, further including FATGR (measured 110 mm from the carcass midline over the 12th rib) and AVGCONF had little impact on the accuracy (≤0.03) and efficiency (1%–7%) of the proposed indexes. Thus, the inclusion of carcass traits into the existing terminal selection indexes could be beneficial for the genetic improvement of HCW, but further research is needed to determine optimal methods of increasing carcass fatness and muscularity.     

基于迁移学习的葡萄叶片病害识别及移动端应用

为解决已有的卷积神经网络在小样本葡萄病害叶片识别的问题中出现的收敛速度慢,易产生过拟合现象等问题,提出了一种葡萄叶片病害识别模型(Grape-VGG-16,GV),并针对该模型提出基于迁移学习的模型训练方式。将VGG-16网络在ImageNet图像数据集上学习的知识迁移到本模型中,并设计全新的全连接层。对收集到的葡萄叶片图像使用数据增强技术扩充数据集。基于扩充前后的数据集,对全新学习、训练全连接层的迁移学习、训练最后一个卷积层和全连接层的迁移学习3种学习方式进行了试验。试验结果表明,1)迁移学习的2种训练方式相比于全新学习准确率增加了10～13个百分点,并在仅训练25轮达到收敛,该方法有效提升了模型分类性能,缩短模型的收敛时间;2)数据扩充有助于增加数据的多样性,并随着训练次数的增加,训练与测试准确率同步上升,有效缓解了过拟合现象。在迁移学习结合数据扩充的方式下,所构建的葡萄叶片病害识别模型(GV)对葡萄叶片病害的识别准确率能达到96.48%,对健康叶、褐斑病、轮斑病和黑腐病的识别准确率分别达到98.04%、98.04%、95.83%和94.00%。最后,将最终的研究模型部署到移动端,实现了田间葡萄叶片病害的智能检测,为葡萄病害的智能诊断提供参考。     

基于干扰观测器的直播机路径跟踪快速终端滑模控制

针对农田中存在不确定性干扰时,会导致建立的无人水稻直播机运动学模型精确度不高,从而使路径跟踪收敛时间长,跟踪效果较差等问题,提出由直播机运动学模型建立相应的非线性干扰观测器从而实现对不确定性复合干扰的精确观测。将观测到的干扰值补偿到运动学模型中以提高模型的精度,降低滑模控制的抖振。为了控制直播机沿指定路径作业并提高路径跟踪收敛时间,设计了一种快速终端滑模控制算法。基于李雅普诺夫判据检验了算法闭环系统的稳定性。使用Matlab/Simulink建立了农机运动学仿真模型,仿真结果表明,非线性干扰观测器能精确观测出系统的不确定性干扰。与不带干扰观测器的滑模控制算法相比,本文控制算法可有效减少收敛时间,抑制干扰带来的抖振。无人直播机水田作业实验表明,采用本文所提出的算法以1.2m/s的速度高效作业时,横向平均绝对偏差为0.0247m,均方差为0.0311m。并且转弯收敛速度快,无超调,路径跟踪精度满足实际作业要求。     

基于终端滑模和扰动观测的Buck型变换器复合控制技术

目前功率变换器的控制方法以纯状态反馈为主,当干扰较大时一般需要通过较大的增益来抑制干扰的影响,而高增益控制器通常会影响闭环系统的动态或稳态性能。为进一步提高Buck型变换器控制系统的动态和稳态性能,提出了一种基于非奇异终端滑模控制方法和扰动观测技术的复合控制方案。首先,考虑外界干扰、系统不确定以及参数变化的影响,建立Buck型功率变换器的平均状态模型;其次,基于非奇异终端滑模控制方法,设计滑模控制器,实现Buck型变换器的基本电压调节功能;最后,利用扰动观测技术,构造非线性扰动观测器实现对扰动的观测,并将扰动观测值作为前馈与状态反馈结合形成复合控制,进一步改善了系统的性能。仿真和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于改进樽海鞘群算法的四旋翼飞行器姿态优化控制

针对集总干扰下四旋翼飞行器的姿态控制问题,提出了一种基于线性扩张状态观测器的快速连续非奇异终端滑模控制策略。该方法通过线性扩张状态观测器来估计和补偿集总干扰的影响,提高控制器的稳定性;借助非奇异终端滑模面有限时间收敛的特性设计控制律,加快控制器的收敛速度;控制器的稳定性分析由Lyapunov函数得以证明。引入樽海鞘群算法来优化控制器中的参数,提升控制性能。进一步地,引入一维正态云模型与自适应算子来克服参数整定算法的固有缺陷,增强其优化能力。通过仿真与试验验证了本文方法的有效性与实用性,结果表明:在阵风干扰下,本文方法比线性自抗扰控制策略具有更高的跟踪精度、更强的抗干扰能力与更快的响应速度。     

Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha⁻¹ for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.