不同起垄方式对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响研究

研究不同的起垄方式对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响,结果表明,单行起垄、垄高30 cm的种植方式经济性状和产量明显优于其他3种种植方式。     

拖拉机配套旋耕起垄机的设计与研制

研制了手扶拖拉机配套的小型旋耕起垄机,该机具具有工作可靠、结构简单、造价低和一机多用等特点,更换不同的刀轴既可作为旋耕机又可作为旋耕起垄机使用,从而提高了机具的利用率,降低了作业成本。     

基于模糊可靠性的旋耕起垄机刀轴优化设计

为了使旋耕起垄机刀轴的设计趋于合理,满足实际工作需要,充分考虑设计中的模糊因素,将机械可靠性与模糊优化设计方法相结合,以刀轴质量最轻和可靠度最高为目标函数,建立了刀轴的模糊可靠性优化设计模型,并对实际机型的刀轴参数进行优化。     

Increasing crop yield in water scarce environments using locally available materials: An experience from semi-arid areas in Mpwapwa District, central Tanzania

This paper presents experience on working with farmers in water scarce environments in improving crop yield through the application of locally available materials in semi-arid areas of Mpwapwa District, central Tanzania. Findings are presented from the interdisciplinary study that involved documenting farmers perceptions and on-farm field experimentation. In the farmers’ perceptions study, three different traditional tillage practices applied by smallholder farmers in the area were identified. These are traditional no-till (TNT), shallow tillage (ST) and ridging tillage (RT). The impacts of various tillage practices on soil fertility improvement, reduced weed infestation, soil moisture retention and crop yield were the main factors considered by farmers when selecting a particular tillage practice to apply. In two cropping seasons (i.e. 2006/7 and 2007/8) on-farm field experimentations were carried to test the effects of the three traditional tillage practices, manure and mulching practices on soil moisture retention and crop yield. Results from this experiment showed traditional no-till fields to have the lowest soil moisture retention capacity and the lowest infiltration flow rate as well as lowest crop yield compared to other studied practices. It was observed that improving the current tillage practices by the application of manure to both ST and RT, and mulching to ST at rates affordable to smallholder farmers as identified during perception study (i.e. 5 tons/ha for manure and 3 tons/ha for mulching materials) results in increased crop yield. When the grain yield is compared between traditional no-till and shallow tillage with manure and mulching practices, the yield increase is between 50 and 100%. It was concluded that crop yield in water scarce environments such as the semi-arid areas of Mpwapwa District can be increased by applying locally available materials such as cow manure and mulching at rates affordable to smallholder farmers.     

半湿润区旱作起垄覆膜沟播小麦的水分及生理效应研究

在关中平原西部杨凌550～600 mm降雨量气候条件下,研究了不同种植方式冬小麦田间水分动态变化及叶绿素、丙二醛等生理指标.结果显示:冬小麦越冬初期、拔节期0～50 cm土壤贮水量起垄覆膜沟播处理比传统平作处理分别高6.1 mm、5.2 mm,比起垄沟播处理分别高2.3 mm、2.9 mm;小麦收获后0～2 m土壤贮水量起垄覆膜沟播处理比传统平作和起垄沟播处理分别高27.9 mm和12.2 mm.小麦开花后,起垄覆膜沟播处理旗叶叶绿素含量始终高于传统平作和起垄沟播处理且降解缓慢,丙二醛含量则较传统平作和起垄沟播处理低,增加也比较缓慢.最终产量测定,起垄覆膜沟播冬小麦极显著的高于传统平作,比传统平作栽培高1 472.10 kg/hm2, 增产幅度19.3%;比起垄沟播冬小麦最终产量高1 844.79 kg/hm2,增产25.4%,差异均达到极显著水平.研究结果表明,与传统平作和起垄沟播相比,起垄覆膜沟播具有较好的聚水保墒效果,一定程度上延缓了小麦的衰老进程,具有明显的增产增收效果;而且水分利用效率明显高于传统平作小麦和起垄沟播.     

来安县稻茬麦起垄降渍机械化种植技术研究

对来安县引进的小麦起垄降渍机械化种植技术模式的推广现状及成效进行了总结,为南方稻茬麦区小麦优质高产栽培探索新的技术途径.     

农业用北斗终端直线度精度试验研究

为支持北斗智能监测终端及辅助驾驶系统集成应用,针对市场上农业用北斗终端产品多样,作业效果差异显著的问题,参照推广鉴定大纲,开展三款产品的拖拉机用北斗终端直线度精度和起垄作业直线度精度的对比试验。试验结果表明：所选三款样机在不同作业速度及地块条件下均能达到合格水平,但作业效果差异性显著;直线度精度与作业速度呈正相关关系,直线度精度随作业速度的增加而增大;对比试验为鉴定大纲的修订提供了参考。     

Ridging in autumn as an alternative to mouldboard ploughing in a humid-temperate region

In the original ridge tillage system as practiced in the US Corn Belt, ridges are formed during the growing season. Several studies have documented that this can reduce leaching of nutrients and improve fertilizer efficiency. This study was conducted to determine whether ridges formed in autumn can be used as an alternative to ploughing to reduce N leaching during autumn and winter, and thereby increase growth and N uptake of a subsequent unfertilized crop. A factorial field experiment with tillage and residues as factors was conducted during 1998–2000. Tillage treatments were autumn ridging and ploughing. Residue treatments were stubble, stubble + straw and stubble + liquid manure in order to create a gradient of C/N ratios. From the time of harvest until planting of a subsequent barley crop (Hordeum vulgare L.), inorganic N was determined 11 times in 1998–1999 and 10 times in 1999–2000 in the 0–10, 10–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm soil layers. Growth and N uptake of barley was quantified nine times in both 1999 and 2000. Barley grain and straw yields were determined. Ridging resulted in lower levels of inorganic N in the 30–90 cm soil layer in November and a significantly higher level of inorganic N in the 0–30 cm soil layer in late April, indicating reduced leaching and increased N availability for the subsequent crop. Ridging significantly increased growth, yield and N uptake of barley whereas incorporation of straw generally reduced growth, yield and N uptake. It is concluded that ridging in autumn has a N conserving effect, and it is suggested that the potential of ridging in autumn as an alternative to ploughing is further investigated in detailed studies of solute movement, N immobilization/mineralization and crop performance.     

葡萄起垄栽植早期丰产栽培试验

起垄栽植,不仅能够节约土方、肥料、农药、人工管理费等投资成本,一次性投资小,而且能快速有效地聚集吸收表土的养分,使根系生长活跃,加速叶片碳水化合物的积累,提早开花结果,缩短童期2 a,第2 a葡萄每667 m2平均产量达1 419 kg,比对照增加6.2倍,第3 a葡萄每667 m2平均产量达1 815 kg,比对照增产1.4倍,增产效果显著,提高了种植者的信心。     

普那菊苣肥床育苗垄作稀植栽培技术

介绍了菊苣肥床育苗垄作稀植栽培技术的发展,菊苣肥床育苗技术,大田垄作技术,菊苣稀植技术和田间管理技术,对四川菊苣栽培有一定的指导作用。