不同发育阶段谷蠹侵害对储藏小麦蛋白结构的影响

为探索谷蠹在不同生长发育阶段对储藏小麦蛋白结构的影响,该文以谷蠹种虫感染后的小麦为研究对象,对谷蠹不同发育阶段(卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫期)侵害后小麦中麦谷蛋白大聚合体(glutenin macropolymer,GMP)、沉降值、面筋蛋白持水力、蛋白二级结构、巯基(-SH)、二硫键(-S-S-)及面筋显微结构进行测定与分析。结果表明:在谷蠹发育的4个阶段,GMP、沉降值、β转角总体呈增加趋势,-SH、β折叠比例变化与之相反;面筋蛋白持水力、-S-S-和α螺旋比例总体呈先降后升趋势,无规卷曲比例变化则与之相反。卵期谷蠹危害较小,只有β转角和面筋蛋白持水力有显著变化(P0.05);幼虫期和蛹期谷蠹危害严重,与相同试验条件下相应时期的无虫小麦对照样相比,GMP、无规卷曲和β转角比例及沉降值均显著增加(P0.05),面筋蛋白持水力、-SH、-S-S-、α螺旋和β折叠显著减少(P0.05)。面筋蛋白显微结构显示:随着谷蠹在小麦籽粒内部发育,面筋表面粗糙程度加重,微纤维状丝增多,结构疏松散乱,断裂严重,至成虫期时,面筋结构已无法识别,因此在实际储藏过程中不仅要关注成虫的数量,还应注意及时控制谷蠹的生长发育。     

The action of phosphine against the eggs of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of Rhyzopertha dominica F

The effect of phosphine at exposure periods of 24, 48 and 120 h on hatching and mortality of 0- to 1-day-old eggs of susceptible (TN6) and resistant (FC10) strains of Rhyzopertha dominica of field origin was investigated. The fumigant affected hatching in both the strains. In a 48-h exposure at 27 (+/- 2) degrees C, the LD99 doses for the eggs of TN6 and FC10 were 0.56 and 3.25 mg litre-1, respectively. Significant reduction in hatching was observed in treated batches with progressive increase of phosphine dose in the first 2-3 days. On subsequent days the numbers hatching were often similar to those in controls, and sometimes exceeded control hatch, especially following a 5-day exposure. A critical change in the order of susceptibility of egg and adult stages of the two strains was noticed. In 48-h exposures, eggs of the susceptible strain were more tolerant than their adults, whilst the reverse was true in the resistant strain.     

Phosphine resistance, respiration rate and fitness consequences in stored-product insects

Resistance to fumigants has been frequently reported in insect pests of stored products and is one of the obstacles in controlling these pests. The authors studied phosphine resistance and its physiological basis in adult insects of 12 populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae), ten populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) and eight populations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Silvanidae) from Brazil, and the possible existence of fitness costs associated with phosphine resistance in the absence of this fumigant. The bioassays for the detection of phosphine resistance followed the FAO standard method. The production of carbon dioxide and the instantaneous rate of population increase (r(i)) of each population of each species were correlated with their resistance ratios at the LC(50). The resistance ratio at LC(50) in T. castaneum ranged from 1.0- to 186.2-fold, in R. dominica from 2.0- to 71.0-fold and in O. surinamensis from 1.9- to 32.2-fold. Ten populations of T. castaneum, nine populations of R. dominica and seven populations of O. surinamensis were resistant to phosphine. In all three species there was significant association (P < 0.05) between respiration rate and phosphine resistance. The populations with lower carbon dioxide production showed a higher resistance ratio, suggesting that the lower respiration rate is the physiological basis of phosphine resistance by reducing the fumigant uptake in the resistant insects. Conversely, populations with higher r(i) showed lower resistance ratios, which could indicate a lower rate of reproduction of the resistant populations compared with susceptible populations. Thus, management strategies based on the interruption of phosphine fumigation may result in reestablishment of susceptibility, and shows good potential for more effective management of phosphine-resistant populations.     

新型储粮保护剂硅藻土对2种重要储粮害虫的防治效果初报

为了探索硅藻土防治储粮害虫的经济有效剂量、防治方法和条件等,本方设计了不同温度和湿度组合,不同的硅藻土剂量分别对生活在小麦和稻谷中的谷蠹和长角扁谷盗的毒力试验,结果表明:在相同的条件下(1)硅藻土对小麦的防护优于对稻谷的防护。(2)在25℃时对谷蠹的防效高于30℃的防效,对长角扁谷盗则相反。(3)硅藻土的防治效果随着相对湿度的降低而提高。(4)长角扁谷盗对硅藻土的敏感度是谷蠹的5￣6倍。在应用时从经济、有效的原则考虑,建议防治以谷蠹为主要害虫的储粮时以400mg/kg的剂量,防治长角扁谷盗时则以70mg/kg即可。     

高浓度CO2气调防治谷蠹及杂拟谷盗的研究

将谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica(Fab.）成虫及杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du val卵、幼虫、肾和成虫分别暴露于35％CO2和11％O2，35％CO2和21％O2，75％CO2和11％O2，75％CO2和21％O2四种气调环境中12、24、36、48、60、72、84、96、108、120小时，结果表明谷蠹成虫对四种气调环境都很敏感，其LT50分别为34.6、42.0、18.6、17.8小时。杂拟谷盗成虫较耐35％CO2、11％O2及35％CO2、21％O2气调环境，处理120小时后，成虫死亡率低于12％。卵及幼虫对四种气调环境较为敏感，蛹对35％CO2、11％O2的耐受性比35％CO2、21％O2强，前者LT50为2248.3小时，后者为124.5小时，杂拟谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫对四种气调环境敏感顺序为：卵＞幼虫＞蛹＞成虫。     

谷蠹磷化氢高抗性品系的抗性遗传分析

用采自广东潮州、湖北沙洋和广东阳春等3个高抗性品系的谷蠹进行了抗性遗传研究，分别对这3个高抗性品系的谷蠹和一个敏感品系的谷蠹进行纯化后，作为亲本进行一系列杂交组合试验，用LCT方法测出各个亲本及其F1代杂种（F1）、F1代对抗性亲本的回交（F1－BC）、F1代自交（F2）、敏感亲本雄性与抗性亲本雌性的杂交（F11）、抗性亲本雄性与敏感亲本雄性的杂交（F12）的浓度时间对数－死亡机率值反应曲线（LCT－P线），并对这些结果进行分析。结果表明：各地对磷化氢有高抗性的谷蠹品系的抗性遗传都为不完全显性，受两对或两对以上基因控制，并在常染色体上而非性连锁。     

两种重要储粮害虫的无公害防治技术研究

通过3种虫生真菌、2种苏云金杆菌粉剂(Bt-1和Bt-2)及48%乐斯本乳油对生活在小麦中的谷蠹、长角扁谷盗进行毒力试验,结果表明:Bt-1粉剂对两种储粮害虫具有较高的毒力,对谷蠹LD50为15.75ug/g,对长角扁谷盗LD50为8.06ug/g;三种虫生真菌对这两种害虫侵染力较弱,最高校正死亡率仅为55.0%。48%乐斯本乳油对两种储粮害虫的熏蒸效果较好,在0.80ml/L浓度下,谷蠹、长角扁谷盗死亡率均达到100.0%。     

CO2气调对两种储粮害虫致死率的研究

谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dominica)成虫和杂拟谷盗(Tribolium con fusum)卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫对35%CO_2、11%O_2,35%CO_2、21%O_2,75%CO_2、11%O_2及75%CO_2、21%O_2 4种气调环境都很敏感,但35%CO_2对杂拟谷盗成虫致死率不高。杂拟谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫对高CO_2(75%)气调环境的敏感顺序为:卵>幼虫>蛹>成虫。     

Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)

Laboratory bioassays were carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of two diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Insecto and SilicoSec, against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F) in eight different grain commodities. The adherence of the two DEs to each grain was also measured. The eight grains tested were wheat, whole barley, peeled barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and maize. These commodities were treated with the DEs at three rates, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 g DE kg(-1) grain. The mortality of R dominica adults was measured after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days and 14 days of exposure in the treated grains at 26 degrees C and 55% RH. After the 14-day mortality count, all adults were removed and the treated grains retained under the same conditions for a further 60 days. The treated grains were subsequently examined for F1 progeny. Significant differences were recorded among the eight grain types as well as between the DE formulations tested. After 14 days of exposure, even at the lowest DE rate for both formulations, adult mortality was high (>90%) in wheat and triticale. In contrast, adult mortality was significantly lower in peeled barley. Increasing the rate improved the efficacy of the DEs significantly in only some of the grains tested. Reproductive capacity in all the treated grains was significantly suppressed when compared with untreated grains. Generally, more F1 individuals of R dominica were noted in the treated peeled barley than in the other commodities. Significant differences in the percentage of DE retention were noted among the eight grains. The highest retention level was noted in rice (>87%) and the lowest in maize (<6%). However, the degree of DE adherence to a given grain was not always indicative of the effectiveness of DE against R dominica.     

防治谷蠹的含有植物精油的植物种类及植物精油对谷蠹作用方式的研究现状

谷蠹是一种世界性分布害虫,能够引起粮食的巨大损失。由于化学杀虫剂对环境和人畜安全存在巨大威胁,加上谷蠹抗药性的不断发展,植物精油作为一类植物性杀虫物质,来源于自然界,取材广泛,在环境中残留较少,不污染粮食,害虫不易产生抗药性,具有广阔的发展前景。因此本文对防治谷蠹的含有植物精油的植物种类和植物精油对谷蠹的作用方式进行了综述。