氮吸附法分析生物质焦孔隙结构

采用氮吸附法对4种生物质焦(稻壳、树叶、玉米秆、棉花秆)的孔隙结构进行测量,结果表明,不同种类焦样的比表面积和孔径分布有明显差别,树叶的比表面积最大,为242.21 m2·g-1,玉米秆的比表面积最小,为0.81 m2·g-1.850℃时,稻壳、树叶、玉米秆焦样的孔径分布曲线在微孔和中孔范围各有一个分布峰,而棉花秆焦样的孔径分布曲线只在中孔范围内出现一个分布峰.热解温度是影响孔隙结构的一个重要因素,在高温条件下,同步热解得到的焦样的比表面积较大,微孔较多.在本研究中,600℃、850℃的稻壳焦样和850℃的树叶焦样具有较大的比表面积,比较适合做吸附剂.     

Prediction of breeding values for osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses

The results of a standardised radiological examination of 5928 Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction were used to predict relative breeding values (RBV) in the 23,662 horses included in the last four generations of the probands' pedigrees. The distribution of the RBV was investigated in the whole four-generation pedigree, in the probands and in those stallions that contributed at least three offspring to the probands. The RBV of the probands' sires were further compared with the officially published performance-based relative breeding values, i.e., total indices dressage (TID) and jumping (TIJ). The sires' level of dressage indices was considerably higher (mean TID=110) than of the jumping indices (mean TIJ=98). Total indices radiographic findings (TIR) were calculated for the sires with varying weighting given to the individual RBV. In each case, this resulted in a mean TIR of 99. Finally, total indices were derived from TIR and TID and/or TIJ in order to develop different selection schemes for all-purpose breeding and for breeding focused on dressage and show jumping. All breeding values under consideration increased by between 1% and 19% when radiographic findings were weighted with between 30% and 60% complementary to the corresponding performance parameters, and when only sires were selected with above average total indices. At the same time, the prevalences of the radiographic findings investigated here were lowered by up to 10% each. When only one radiographic finding was considered at a time, the maximum attainable response to selection was a 16-23% increase in the relative breeding values and a relative decrease in prevalences of radiographic findings of between 31% and 52%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible in horse breeding to consider simultaneously health and performance traits. Medical data should be included in the prediction of breeding values in order to improve the radiological status of today's riding horses.     

Prepenetration stages in infection of clematis by Phoma clematidina

A detailed study of conidial germination, germ-tube growth and the formation of infection structures in Phoma clematidina , the causal agent of clematis wilt, is described for two clematis varieties differing in disease resistance. On both the resistant and susceptible varieties, the fungus entered leaves and stems by direct penetration of the cuticle, often, but not always, following the formation of infection structures. More germ tubes per conidium were formed on the susceptible host, but these germ tubes were on average shorter than on the resistant host. Although germ tubes regularly entered the plant via trichomes, stomata were not found to be sites of entry. Following penetration of the cuticle of resistant plants, germ-tube growth was sometimes restricted to the subcuticular region, and halo formation occurred at the sites where penetration was attempted. Subcuticular growth and halo formation were not observed on susceptible plants. These observations may partly explain the resistance of small-flowered clematis varieties to P. clematidina .     

格氏线虫表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白抑制昆虫免疫活性的比较

格氏线虫表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白都具有抑制昆虫免疫反应的能力,能够帮助侵染期线虫侵染寄主,但两者所含蛋白组分并不相同,从而导致蛋白活性也有所差异。本研究采用乙醇萃取和昆虫匀浆诱导,分别从侵染期的格氏线虫体表及分泌物中得到了表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白,并比较了这两者之间的异同。结果表明,无论是在昆虫体内还是体外,侵染期线虫表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白都具有抑制昆虫免疫反应的生物活性,并且分泌蛋白的活性更强。本研究为进一步研究线虫侵染与昆虫免疫间的相互关系和线虫抑制昆虫免疫反应的作用机理提供了科学佐证。     

地表火干扰下呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林乔木层不同组分空间格局的变化

火是天然樟子松重要的生态因子,地表火对樟子松林乔木层空间格局的变化有着特殊的意义。全林木定位法调查记录了地表火干扰1年后1hm2典型样地中存活及火烧死乔木的位置坐标,利用成对相关函数g(r)进行空间点格局分析。结果表明:1)单变量空间格局分析显示,空间异质性泊松点过程零假设下,地表火干扰前所有立木、樟子松和白桦均在小尺度上呈显著性聚集分布;而地表火干扰后,樟子松林分及其乔木层不同组分的空间格局更加趋向于均匀分布,只有白桦在小尺度上仍表现为显著性聚集分布,所有立木和樟子松主要以随机分布为主。乔木层及其不同组分的随机标识零假设均不成立,火后存活的所有立木在小尺度上为均匀分布,而较大尺度上却呈现出聚集分布;火后存活的樟子松在小尺度上表现为聚集分布,而较大尺度上却呈现均匀分布;火后存活的白桦主要表现为小尺度上的聚集分布。2)双变量空间格局分析表明,所有立木、樟子松和白桦的存活立木与火烧死木之间均是相互独立的,其相互间的空间格局表现为随机分布。地表火烧死木(包括所有立木、樟子松和白桦)均在小尺度上表现为显著的正相关呈聚集分布,而较大尺度上不同程度地表现为显著的负相关为均匀分布。因此,地表火干扰下,林木的死亡过程并不是随机的,存活林木的空间格局趋于均匀分布,地表火驱动下的樟子松林自然稀疏过程削弱了存活个体间的竞争,促进了林分结构的优化和个体的生长发育,成为樟子松林演替中较活跃的生态因子。     

基于Richards模型的全膜双垄沟播与传统栽培模式玉米生长势差异研究

应用Richards生长方程,以春玉米为材料,设了3种栽培处理,从动态数学模型的角度,研究大田条件下全膜双垄沟播模式与传统栽培模式玉米的生长势特征差异及对产量的影响。结果表明:3种处理株高、单株叶面积、单株可见叶数生长积累量均呈"慢—快—慢"的S型Richards模型曲线变化;全膜双垄沟播玉米各指标的生长累积Richards曲线和生长速率及速率变化率曲线形态与半膜和露地对照相比有明显差异,其生长起始势(R0)高,生长势指标进入指数和稳定生长阶段早于对照8~20 d;最大生长速率及出现的时间都明显高于和早于露地对照,全膜双垄沟播玉米的株高最大增长速率为6.755 cm·d~(-1),是对照的1.384倍;单株绿叶面积最大增长速率为330.6 cm2·d~(-1)·株~(-1),是对照的1.391倍;单株可见叶数最大增长速率为0.412片·d~(-1)·株~(-1),是对照的1.383倍;全膜双垄沟播玉米增长速率变化幅度大,呈现加速快但减速也快的特点;稳定增长阶段明显增长,为露地对照的1.493~1.618倍。全膜双垄沟播使作物在生长后期将更多的能量分配给了生殖生长,使玉米叶片后期早衰速度减慢,利于玉米抽雄授粉和灌浆,表现较高的穗粒数、粒叶比和百粒重,显著提高产量。     

响应面法优化黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体液体发酵培养基研究

应用Plackett-Burman设计法对影响液体发酵黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体产量的培养基组分进行筛选,确定影响菌丝体产量的关键因素为玉米粉、麸皮和VB1。在此基础上,采用最陡爬坡试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法优化黑盖木层孔菌液体发酵培养基。结果表明:当培养基组分中玉米粉为65 g/L、麸皮为49.31 g/L、VB1为214.61μg/L时,菌丝体产量预测值为10.75 g/L,最佳条件下菌丝体产量可达11.16 g/L,预测值与验证值吻合得较好。     

川西粉质黏土-衬砌接触面冻结强度规律研究

为揭示川西灌渠粉质黏土-衬砌接触面间冻结强度规律,针对川西地区灌渠渠基土开展了冻结作用下冻结温度、冻结时间、初始含水率、法向荷载4种影响因素在不同条件下的剪切试验.结果 表明:接触面间峰值抗剪强度与冻结温度、初始含水率变化呈负相关,与冻结时间、法向荷载变化呈正相关.此外,利用正交分析,揭示了4种因素对峰值抗剪强度影响的...     

燕山东段6种花灌木叶表皮特征电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了燕山东段6种旱生花灌木的叶表皮特征。结果表明:①叶底珠、三裂绣线菊的上、下表皮均无表皮毛分布;毛樱桃、花木蓝、孩儿拳头和小花溲疏上、下表皮均有表皮毛分布。②孩儿拳头的上、下表皮都有气孔分布;毛樱桃、叶底珠、三裂绣线菊、花木蓝和小花溲疏的气孔仅分布在下表皮。③毛樱桃、叶底珠、三裂绣线菊和花木蓝的气孔下陷;孩儿拳头和小花溲疏气孔不下陷。④花木蓝的上、下表皮细胞表面平缓;小花溲疏的上、下表皮细胞凹凸明显;叶底珠和三裂绣线菊的上表皮细胞凹凸明显;毛樱桃和孩儿拳头的下表皮细胞凹凸明显。