An investigation on the effect of heat-moisture treatment on baking quality of wheat by using response surface methodology

Effect of heat-moisture treatment on quality properties of two bread wheats (cvs. Tosunbey and Bayraktar) were investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). Temperature and moisture conditions in the experimental design were in the range of 55–95 °C and 13–19%. Heat-moisture treated grains were milled into flour and quality properties were determined. The optimum moisture-temperature combination for the highest dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, Alveograph W and bread volume values were estimated as 14%-63 °C for Tosunbey and 19%-55 °C for Bayraktar samples. Alveograph W seems to be a good indicator of baking quality for wheats treated at higher temperatures. In order to describe the relationship between the dependent and independent variables (moisture, temperature), the response values were fitted by second order polynomial models. Significance analysis showed that the effect of both moisture and temperature on dry gluten content, sedimentation and falling number values for Tosunbey; falling number and damaged starch values for Bayraktar were significant (p < 0.05). The effect of temperature on Farinograph water absorption, W and P/G, bread volume and firmness values were significant for both cultivars (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that improvement in baking quality can be achieved and flours with different properties can be produced by heat-moisture treatments on wheat.     

高温条件下超级稻对灌水处理的响应及原因分析

为预防高温天气对超级稻的影响,通过灌水深度和灌水时期试验,研究了超级稻产量和结实率对不同灌水深度和不同灌水时期的响应及原因。结果表明:不同灌水深度处理产量及结实率存在显著差异,灌水能提高产量和结实率,灌深水的效果比灌浅水好。不同灌水时期处理,灌水提高产量和结实率的幅度不同,效果最好的是在幼穗分化五期￣齐穗。不同灌水处理影响产量和结实率的原因是灌水能降低田间温度、减少日平均温度≥30℃或最高温度≥35℃天数以及灌水时超级稻发育对温度敏感程度不同。     

Prediction of breeding values for osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses

The results of a standardised radiological examination of 5928 Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction were used to predict relative breeding values (RBV) in the 23,662 horses included in the last four generations of the probands' pedigrees. The distribution of the RBV was investigated in the whole four-generation pedigree, in the probands and in those stallions that contributed at least three offspring to the probands. The RBV of the probands' sires were further compared with the officially published performance-based relative breeding values, i.e., total indices dressage (TID) and jumping (TIJ). The sires' level of dressage indices was considerably higher (mean TID=110) than of the jumping indices (mean TIJ=98). Total indices radiographic findings (TIR) were calculated for the sires with varying weighting given to the individual RBV. In each case, this resulted in a mean TIR of 99. Finally, total indices were derived from TIR and TID and/or TIJ in order to develop different selection schemes for all-purpose breeding and for breeding focused on dressage and show jumping. All breeding values under consideration increased by between 1% and 19% when radiographic findings were weighted with between 30% and 60% complementary to the corresponding performance parameters, and when only sires were selected with above average total indices. At the same time, the prevalences of the radiographic findings investigated here were lowered by up to 10% each. When only one radiographic finding was considered at a time, the maximum attainable response to selection was a 16-23% increase in the relative breeding values and a relative decrease in prevalences of radiographic findings of between 31% and 52%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible in horse breeding to consider simultaneously health and performance traits. Medical data should be included in the prediction of breeding values in order to improve the radiological status of today's riding horses.     

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

黄土高原中部冬小麦生长对气候变暖和春季晚霜冻变化的响应

利用位于黄土高原中部的甘肃西峰试验田资料和当地平行气象观测资料,分析了春季气温、终霜冻和冬小麦生长发育对气候变暖的响应特征。结果表明：1981年以来,春季平均气温和平均最低气温分别以1.2℃/10a和1.1℃/10a的速率升高,5月的极端最低气温以1.2℃/10a的速率升高;1997年以来4月极端最低气温波动幅度增大,在气候变暖大背景下2001年和2006年出现了最小值,属于反常年份,冻害严重;终霜日期提前的气候趋势比较明显,速率为3.2d/10a,终霜日地面最低温度表现为波动变化,个别年份出现反常的重霜冻灾害;终霜冻过程的持续日数表现出阶段性增加规律,地面最低温度负积温在反常年份2005-2006年有增强变化;1981年以来冬小麦拔节期以4.5d/10a的速率极显著提前（P〈0.01）,1997年以来提前趋势更加明显,1997-2008年平均拔节期比1981-1996年提前9d。气候持续变暖,冬小麦拔节期提前的速率大于终霜日提前的速率,表明冬小麦春季拔节-孕穗期遭受终霜冻危害的气候风险在增大。     

不同高度层冬小麦叶片水分利用效率对CO2浓度变化的响应

大气CO2浓度升高会给地球生态系统带来一系列环境问题,植物能够通过气孔调节光合作用和蒸腾作用,对环境变化做出响应。本研究以评价植物光合作用和蒸腾作用相互关系的指标水分利用效率为切入点,以冬小麦为研究对象,在灌浆期将冠层按距离地面高度分上、中、下三层,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统测定数据对各层叶片光合、蒸腾特性随CO2浓度变化的响应进行了对比分析。结果表明：随着CO2浓度的增加,（1）各层叶片净光合速率呈直角双曲线形式增加,不同层叶片之间净光合速率对CO2浓度响应的差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但各层羧化速率、光合能力、光呼吸表现不一致,均为上层〉中层〉下层;（2）各层叶片蒸腾速率总体下降,不同层叶片之间蒸腾速率对CO2浓度响应的差异显著（P〈0.01）,蒸腾速率的变化是气孔导度随CO2浓度变化的结果,两者呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）;（3）净光合速率提高与蒸腾速率降低,共同使叶片水平水分利用效率提高。研究工作有利于加深气候变化对农业影响的认识,也为农田生态系统碳、水耦合循环的多层模型研究奠定基础。     

黑曲霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶的响应面优化设计及其酶学性质的研究

本研究采用响应面法的中心组合对影响黑曲霉(aspergillus niger JL 15)固体发酵产木聚糖酶的条件进行了优化.以橘皮粉为基质,补充碳源、氮源,以及含水量和发酵时间对木聚糖酶产量具有显著影响(P<0.05).模拟二次多项式回归预测模型,并建立自变量与响应值的回归方程,获得各因素的最佳水平,即:甘油、硫酸铵的添加量分别为4.2%和3.1%,含水量为61%,发酵时间为73.4 h,木聚糖酶活性最大预测值达922.9 U/g干发酵产物,验证值为917.7 U/g干发酵产物,高出基础培养基酶活3.2倍.酶学性质分析研究表明,黑曲霉木聚糖酶(XylA)的最适温度和最适pH分别为55oC和pH 5.0.XylA的K_m和V_(max)值分别为9.24 mg/mL和54.05 μmol/min/mL.Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和斗和Mg~(2+)对XylA活性具有促进作用,而Fe~(3+)和cu~(2+)对XylA活性具有明显抑制作用.HPLC分析结果表明,XylA的水解桦木木聚糖和麸皮不溶性木聚糖的产物均为木糖至木六糖,主要产物为木三糖.     

酿酒酵母菌胞内海藻糖提取工艺参数的优化

建立了超声破碎酿酒酵母细胞和冷三氯乙酸化学浸提海藻糖的工艺，探索了离子色谱分析技术条件，采用响应曲面法（RSM），研究了液料比R、超声功率W、工作时间T1、超声总时间T2和浸提时间T3等5个试验关键因子对海藻糖提取的影响规律，并构建了动态控制的数学模型，得到了海藻糖提取最优工艺参数依次为：尺为7、W为698W、T1为4．9s、T2为7．3min、T3为9min。结果表明：模型极显著，具有可行性和有效性，超声功率、工作时间和超声总时间对海藻糖提取量的影响最大，为生产中的应用提供了科学依据。     

不同氮磷施用量对丹参产量及有效成份的影响

采用氮、磷二因素五水平二次D-饱和最优设计,于2002年在陕西天士力商洛药用植物有限公司丹参基地进行了施肥对丹参产量及有效成分含量的影响田间试验。结果表明,氮、磷肥对丹参生长、产量和品质有明显影响,同时建立了氮、磷肥对丹参产量肥效反应数学模式,确定丹参的氮、磷肥最佳用量。提出丹参目标产量4500~5000kg/hm2之间的氮、磷用量是氮127.5~196.7kg/hm2;P2O5用量是66.55~153.68kg/hm2。明确了氮、磷肥与丹参有效成分含量动态变化的影响。单纯施用氮肥,会造成丹参素和丹参酮的降低,氮、磷肥合理配合施用,可使丹参高产,同时提高丹参品质。     

基于响应面法的板料成形工作模面几何参数优化

阐述了以响应面法建立板料成形参数与有限元模拟结果的代理模型的基本原理;介绍了板料成形中的设计变量、目标函数、约束条件,多目标优化的处理方法;基于响应面法.以汽车后桥悬架内板零件为研究对象,成形后最小板料厚度为优化目标,成形极限图为约束条件,建立了模面几何参数优化模型;对模面几何参数进行优化并获得最优参数组合;以最优几何参数组合进行了实际的冲压试验,验证了优化结果.