Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

微电极法测定水稻叶片液泡中硝酸根离子的再调动

 作物液泡中硝酸根离子的再调动和再利用与作物氮素高效利用关系密切。利用硝酸根离子微电极技术测定了在外界继续供应和停止供应硝态氮后，不同水稻品种叶片细胞质和液泡中硝酸根离子活度在24 h内的变化情况。结果表明：(1)在继续供应硝态氮后，水稻植株组织水平的硝酸根离子浓度没有显著的变化，而停止供应硝态氮的植株体内硝酸根离子浓度却有随缺氮时间延长而降低的趋势；(2)水稻叶片细胞质和液泡中硝酸根离子活度存在着明显不同的变化趋势。在停止供应硝态氮的24 h内，水稻叶片液泡中的硝酸根离子浓度逐渐降低，而细胞质中的硝酸根离子却维持在一个较低的浓度且基本稳定；(3)扬稻6号液泡中和细胞质中的硝酸根离子活度均高于农垦57，且在停止供应硝态氮的不同时间段，液泡中硝酸根离子的释放速率也均高于农垦57。上述结果表明在受到硝态氮营养胁迫时，水稻先前积累在叶片液泡中的硝酸根离子可以在细胞中进行重新的利用和分配，而且籼稻品种扬稻6号对液泡硝酸根离子再调动能力显然高于粳稻农垦57。     

Performance and nutrient dynamics of holm oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus ilex</Emphasis> L.) seedlings in relation to nursery nutrient loading and post-transplant fertility

Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings were exponentially (E) nutrient loaded using incremental increases in fertilizer addition or conventionally (C) fertilized using a constant fertilizer rate during nursery culture. The fertility treatments (mg N plant⁻¹) were control (0), 25E, 100E, and 100C. Subsequently, 1-year-old plants were transplanted under simulated soil fertility gradients in a greenhouse to evaluate effects of nutrient loading and post-transplant fertility on seedling performance. Post-transplant fertility consisted of fertilizing plants at two rates (0 vs. 200 mg N plant⁻¹). A water-soluble fertilizer 20-20-20 was supplied in both nursery and post-transplant experiments. Nutrient loading increased plant N content by 73% in 100E and by 75% in 100C relative to controls, although no significant differences were detected between constant and exponential fertilization regimes at the 100 mg N plant⁻¹ rate. When transplanted, nutrient loading promoted post-transplant root growth relative to shoot, implicating potential to confer competitive advantage to loaded holm oak seedlings after trans-planting. In contrast, post-transplant fertility increased new shoot dry mass by 140% as well as N, P and K content relative to controls. Results suggest that holm oak seedlings can be successfully nutrient loaded in the nursery at higher fertility rates, improving its potential to extend new roots, but alternative fertilization regimes and schedules that better fit nutrient availability to the growth rhythm and conservative strategy of this species must be tested.     

适度土壤干旱对贪青小麦茎鞘贮藏性糖运转及籽粒充实的影响

选用春性小麦品种扬麦158和扬麦11为材料,设置出穗后高氮和正常氮两个水平及土壤水分胁迫处理(WS),以正常浇水为对照(WW),研究适度土壤干旱对贪青迟熟小麦籽粒灌浆和茎鞘贮藏性碳水化合物分配的影响。结果表明,在始穗期施用过量氮肥(HN)导致小麦贪青迟熟,主要表现为灌浆速率和产量降低,茎鞘中滞留大量贮藏性糖。在灌浆     

不同施氮下优质稻植株花后碳氮物质流转与籽粒生长的相关性

以桂华占、八桂香为材料,在高氮(NH,High nitrogen)、中氮(NM,Middle nitrogen)、低氮(NL,Low nitrogen)三个施氮水平下,研究了优质稻花后碳氮物质积累、运转与籽粒生长特征及其相互的关系。结果表明:①在不同施氮水平下,干物质转运效率为53.60%～62.23%,氮素转运效率为12.33%～37.95%,茎鞘和叶片干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率为12.33%～37.95%,茎鞘和叶片氮素转运对籽粒氮素积累贡献率为47.93%～117.2%。②施氮水平影响桂华占和八桂香花后碳氮流转及籽粒的生长。高氮条件下增加叶片碳氮同化物的转运,不利于茎鞘碳氮同化物向籽粒转运。增施氮肥在一定程度上提高了地上总氮和籽粒氮的积累量,提高了籽粒氮收获指数,蛋白质含量上升。低氮处理虽能促进茎鞘碳氮同化物的转运率,但籽粒收获指数明显变低。③不同施氮水平下,桂华占和八桂香花后碳氮流转与籽粒的生长间存在密切的相关,花后茎叶干物质运转速度和转运率都与籽粒起始灌浆势呈正相关;籽粒最大灌浆速率与叶干物质运转速度和转运率呈正相关;叶片中总氮转运率与籽粒蛋白质产量呈正相关。花后茎叶氮素积累量的减少,伴随着籽粒氮素积累量的增加和籽粒蛋白质含量的升高是同步的;茎鞘花后同化物碳氮比与籽粒蛋白质含量及产量呈正相关,与籽粒直链淀粉含量及淀粉、蛋白质比呈负相关。不同施氮水平下氮素转运效率和贡献率表现出一定差异,这种差异与水稻植株自身对氮生理利用效率密切相关。     

Pollution of sediments in the lake ladoga catchment area and the gulf of finland: influencing factors and processes

Sedimentation in the estuary of the Neva River (Gulf of Finland) has been significantly altered in recent years by the construction of a flood prevention barrier for St Petersburg. Concentrations of toxic organic substances and heavy metals have increased 1-5-3-0 fold. a shift in sediment redox potential has occurred in most of the fine-grained particles and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters has decreasd to 0-5-1-0 mg 1-1. the changing environmental conditions and intensive human activities in the area have led to the remobilization of the sedimentary material, threatening the ecosystem with secondary pollution. Not only direct industrial discharges are responsible for the contaminants identified; human activities throughout the catchment area and atmospheric deposition affect the capacity of the ecosystems to absorb pollutants and result in the increased migration of persistent pollutants into the Neva estuary. The functions, factors and processes contributing to the transport and sedimentation of toxic substances in the drainage basin of the Lake Ladoga/Neva River system is discussed. Physical (deforestation, drying of marshes) and chemical factors (industrial pollution, agrochemical use) are reviewed. the role of eutrophication in Lake Ladoga in influencing the migration and bioavailability of toxic substances is discussed with respect to its function as a filter and bioreactor. the temporal and spatial variations in the distribution of suspended and dissolved matter in the lake, which is dependent on its morphometric and hydrological characteristics, change the patterns of transport of toxic substances into the Neva estuary. the ecological status of the Neva estuary is reviewed with particular emphasis on the concentration of pollutants in sediments, redox shifts and dumping and drainage activities. the role of gas production and evolution in the remobilization of lipophilic organic substances is considered to be of major importance in shallow estuaries such as this.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Remobilization in Maize Hybrids Differing in Leaf Senescence

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop with multiple uses in the world. Stay‐green hybrids have been developed because of their higher productivity. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) levels on N uptake, remobilization, grain yield and N concentration in stay‐green hybrids compared to senescent ones. Field studies were undertaken in P.R. China on an Ustochrepts soil to determine the effects of N levels and hybrids differing in leaf senescence on grain yield and N concentration, N uptake, remobilization, and residual in vegetative tissues in 1996 and 1997. The stay‐green hybrid ND108 had greater yields than TK5 (intermediate senescing) and ZD120 (fast senescing) under both high (225 kg N ha^?1) and low N (0 in 1997 or 45 kg N ha^?1 in 1996, respectively) supply. ND108 took up more N than the two other hybrids. Grain N concentration of ND108 did not decrease by low N significantly, excepting the experiment sown in the summer of 1996, when post‐silking N uptake was reduced greatly by the shortened grain filling duration. Nitrogen remobilization efficiency in vegetative tissue was higher in senescent hybrids ZD120 than ND108. Nitrogen retained in the stover at harvest was higher in ND108, which can lead to a deficit of soil N for the next crop if the stover is not returned into soil. It was suggested that, though stay‐green hybrids have been developed for high N conditions, they have advantages over senescent hybrids also under N limited conditions.     

Nitrogen transformation in arable soils of North-West Germany during the cereal growing season

In 1991, field experiments on loess (with winter wheat) and sandy soils (with summer barley) were conducted to study N dynamics in the microbial biomass and non-exchangeable NH _inf4 ^sup+ . The measurements showed a mass change in microbial N, with a maximum increase of 100 kg N ha^-1 30 cm^-1 from March to July in the loess soil, and a change for only 1 month (May) in the sandy soil. Plots treated with conventional levels of N fertilizer (213 kg N ha^-1 on a loess soil to winter wheat and 130 kg ha^-1 on the sandy soil to summer barley), reduced levels of N (83% and 62% of the conventional N application), or no N showed no consistent fertilizer N effect on microbial biomass N. From March to July, non-exchangeable NH _inf4 ^sup+ in loess soils under winter wheat decreased by 110 kg N ha^-1 30 cm^-1 in conventionally fertilized plots and by 200 kg N ha^-1 30 cm^-1 in a plot with no N fertilizer. After harvest, the pool of non-exchangeable NH _inf4 ^sup+ increased due to increasing mineral N concentrations in the soil.     

不同播期下优质稻桂华占、八桂香花后碳氮物质流转与籽粒生长相关性

以桂华占、八桂香为材料,不同播期调控下,研究不同播期下优质稻花后植株碳氮流转与籽粒生长及品质的相关性.结果表明:(1)花后茎鞘、叶片干物质运转速度和运转率都与籽粒起始灌浆势呈正相关.籽粒活跃灌浆期、持续灌浆时间与花后茎鞘、叶片干物质运转速度和运转率呈极显著正相关.(2)播种期推迟不利于茎鞘碳同化物向穗部流转,茎鞘碳同化物转运对籽粒的产量和淀粉产量的贡献率表现为淀粉＞可溶性糖＞蔗糖,茎鞘碳同化物对籽粒产量及淀粉产量的贡献率远高于叶片.可溶性糖转运对籽粒产量和淀粉产量贡献率表现为SD1＞SD2＞SD3;蔗糖、淀粉对籽粒的产量贡献率表现为SD1＞SD2＞SD3.茎叶可溶性糖积累量的减少与籽粒直链淀粉含量和积累量增加是同步的,并且,茎叶可溶性糖积累量快速递减期(花后3～12 d)与直链淀粉含量和积累量快速递增期(花后6～12d)同步.(3)播种期推迟减少茎鞘和叶片总氮的积累,籽粒氮收获指数降低,但是播种期的推迟却增加茎鞘和叶片器官蛋白氮积累,有利于籽粒蛋白质含量提高.     

不同播期条件下高产冬小麦品种氮素吸收利用及转运效率分析

探讨和分析不同播期条件下高产冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种的氮素吸收利用、转运和高效利用特征,确定不同高产小麦品种的适宜播期.采用大田试验方法,系统分析早播(10月3日)、适播(10月12日)和晚播(10月30日)3个水平对不同品种高产小麦主要生育期植株含氮率、氮素积累量、花前和花后植株营养器官氮素积累和分配、氮素再分配等特征及产量、品质和氮素利用效率等的影响.结果表明,播期影响生育期小麦植株的含氮率、氮的吸收和积累.小麦地上部营养器官氮积累量、氮再分配量、转运氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率花前高于花后.晚播条件下籽粒氮素的积累量主要依赖于花前氮吸收;适播和早播条件下花后吸收的氮素对籽粒氮素的积累占有较大比例.高产不同基因型小麦品种在不同生育期的氮素吸收强度和相对累积速率不同,花前氮素积累量、花前吸收氮素向籽粒的再分配以及转运率、花后氮素同化量以及花后吸收氮素对籽粒的贡献率等在不同小麦品种间差异显著.早播和适播条件下,不同品种小麦均获得比晚播较高的籽粒产量.氮素收获指数和籽粒吸氮量适播条件下较高,随播期的延迟籽粒吸氮量显著降低,相反,氮素利用效率晚播条件下最高.综合考虑,在农业生产中,3个高产小麦品种均适宜早播和适播;在晚播条件下应优先选择‘周麦22’.