A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar

The temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH₄ at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH₄ emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.     

聊城市春季人工增雨作业天气条件分析

利用1970～2005年聊城市春季降水和高空探测资料,分析了春季降水的气候特征、主要影响天气系统及降水云系的变化。结果表明：西北冷锋和黄淮气旋是聊城市春季适合实施人工增雨作业的最为有利和作业机会最多的天气系统,3月以层状云为主要作业对象,4～5月则以层积混合云为主要作业对象。     

3种湿地植物克隆生长及其生物量对不同水淹的响应

通过人工模拟水位控制试验,研究不同水位梯度处理对3种水生植物梭鱼草、菖蒲和黄花鸢尾株高、克隆分株数、生物量积累及生物量分配格局的影响。试验设置固定水位和周期波动水位2种处理,固定水位分别为自由水面淹没苗钵的1/2 (低水位),全淹（中水位）和高出苗钵上口径12cm（高水位）3个梯度;波动水位为低水位处理14d,然后转至高水位处理7 d,以此往复循环,持续56d。结果表明：不同水位梯度对3种水生植物的株高、克隆分株数、生物量积累与分配格局等指标均有显著影响(P<005);株高、克隆分株数（黄花鸢尾除外）在波动水位处理下均显著高于固定水位（P<005）,固定水位中的高水位和波动水位处理后梭鱼草根状茎、叶和根生物量均显著高于中水位和低水位梯度。波动水位和固定水位中的高水位处理仅对菖蒲的叶质量有显著影响,且明显高于中水位和低水位。黄花鸢尾各构件生物量在各水位处理中无显著差异（P>005）。综合来看,波动水位更有利于3种水生植物种群的建立。     

雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估测辽宁试验区降水量业务系统

利用雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法,设计了雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估测辽宁试验区降水量业务系统。结果表明,该系统可以提高缺乏雨量计或雨量计网密度较小地区降水量的观测精度,更好地预测洪涝、风暴等灾害的范围和强度。     

暗纹东方鲀几种组织中可培养细菌的组成分析

采用16S rDNA特征序列PCR-DGGE法,分析了不同饵料饲养的暗纹东方鲀的表皮、肠道和河鲀毒素累积组织(肝和卵巢)中可培养细菌的群落组成.根据分子系统发育分析,共鉴定出45种可培养细菌,在这些细菌中,以变形细菌的gamma亚群占多数,其它分别隶属于低GC含量革兰氏阳性菌和高GC含量革兰氏阳性菌.摄食不同饵料的暗纹东方鲀,其肠道、表皮或河鲀毒素累积组织中的细菌菌落组成是不同的,但不管是摄食人工配合饲料或天然饵料,在暗纹东方鲀的肠道、表皮或河鲀毒素累积组织中,均发现已有报道的可产河鲀毒素的细菌类群,表明饵料来源对暗纹东方鲀的河鲀毒素产生不是必需的.     

Root colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal, fine endophytic and dark septate fungi across a pH gradient in acid beech forests

Colonisation by root endophytes can be beneficial to plants growing on acid, nutrient-poor soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can supply herbs with nutrients and may give protection against aluminium toxicity. Two other root colonising fungi, fine endophytes (FE) and dark septate fungi (DSE), are less well known but are potentially of benefit to their host plant. AM fungi are the most prevalent symbionts in herbs at neutral to acidic soil pH. At extremely low pH, fungal growth can be limited and AM colonisation is usually rare. Fine and dark septate endophytes, on the other hand, have been observed more often under these conditions. In order to relate endophyte colonisation to a gradient in soil pH, we investigated root colonisation by AM, FE and DSE in Maianthemum bifolium, Galium odoratum, Mercurialis perennis and Stellaria nemorum, from a range of acidic beech forests. With decreasing pH, colonisation by AM decreased, whereas the other two endophytes increased. AM and FE colonisation were inversely correlated in Maianthemum bifolium. We compared changes in root colonisation with those in chemical composition of soil and leaf samples and found a positive correlation between leaf magnesium concentrations and the presence of DSE in Galium odoratum. Aluminium concentration in Maianthemum bifolium tended to be lower when FE colonisation was high, suggesting a possible role for the fungi in plant protection against Al. We suggest that FE and DSE may replace AM fungi in herbaceous vegetation at extremely low pH, counteracting some of the negative effects of high soil acidity on plants.     

兴安落叶松原始林区降水化学输入的特征研究

对寒温带大兴安岭根河落叶松原始林区降雨、林内雨化学因子观测研究结果表明,兴安落叶松原始林区输入的大量元素均低于国内其他重要林区,而微量元素含量接近平均水平。降雨通过林冠形成林内雨时表现出兴安落叶松林冠层对Na、Ca、Cu、Fe有一定的吸附作用,其中Ca的吸附作用表现明显。降雨通过林冠时淋溶出K、Mg、Zn、Mn、P,其中K淋溶量最高。生长季中降雨除Ca的变化较大外,其他大量元素和微量元素的月际变化均较小,5～9月份林内雨多数元素养分含量月际变化曲线呈“U”字型。     

施用生物有机肥抑制香蕉镰刀菌萎蔫病的研究

Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases of banana plants caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense(FOC). In this study a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different bio-organic fertilizers(BIOs) on Fusarium wilt of banana, including the investigations of disease incidence, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities of banana plants, and FOC populations as well as soil rhizosphere microbial community. Five fertilization treatments were considered, including chemical fertilizer containing the same N, P and K concentrations as the BIO(control), and matured compost mixed with antagonists Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 and Trichoderma harzianum T37(BIO1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N6(BIO2), Bacillus subtilis N11(BIO3), and the combination of N6 and N11(BIO4). The results indicated that the application of BIOs significantly decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by up to 80% compared with the control. BIOs also significantly promoted plant growth, and increased chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase activities by 55%–65% and 17.3%–120.1%, respectively, in the banana roots. The population of FOC in the rhizosphere soil was decreased significantly to about 104 colony forming units g-1with treatment of BIOs. Serial dilution plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the application of BIOs increased the densities of bacteria and actinomycetes but decreased the number of fungi in the rhizosphere soil. In general, the application of BIOs revealed a great potential for the control of Fusarium wilt disease of banana plants.     

The Influence of In-situ Stress Gradient and Geothermal Temperature on The Calculation of Coalbed Gas Pressure

On the basis of coal seam having outcrop of coal seam and outlet on ground,the method for calculating coalbed gas pressure from the one-dimensional stable gas flow equation by considering deeply the influence of in-situ stress gradient and geothermal temperature is presented. In some mine, the theoretically computing and measuring results of coalbed gas pressure show that the in-situ stress gradient and the geothermal temperature have important influence on the calculation of coalbed gas pressure, and if the factors are drew into the calculation of coaled gas pressure,it will make the results much more accurate.     

黄土坡面薄层流产流过程试验研究

薄层流径流过程是最基本的坡面水文过程,揭示黄土坡面薄层流产流过程机理对于认识坡面产流理论具有重要意义。试验采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面薄层流产流过程进行研究,取得了如下结果:(1)坡面薄层流径流率随降雨历时的增长呈增加趋势,可用幂函数方程很好地描述,开始产流后的2~10 min内增加很快,以后逐渐趋于平缓、稳定;(2)不同坡度条件下,坡面薄层流径流深均随雨强的增大而呈显著增加,可用线性方程很好地表示;(3)不同雨强条件下,坡面薄层流径流深随坡度的变化趋势相似,皆可用对数线性方程描述;(4)不同雨强条件下,薄层流径流深随坡长增大总体呈增加趋势,可用倒数线性方程描述;(5)雨强、坡度、坡长对坡面薄层流径流深的综合影响可表述为三元线性经验方程,其中雨强的影响最大,坡度和坡长的影响小。