高效液相色谱法测定土壤中的二氯喹啉酸

用50 ml甲醇︰0.05 mol/L硼砂溶液(p H=10)(9︰1,v/v)作为提取剂对20 g(或适量)土壤样品中残留的二氯喹啉酸振荡提取2 h,离心过滤后分取滤液25 ml浓缩,甲醇定容至2 ml,再用滤膜过滤后待测定;高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)以1.0 ml/min的甲醇︰1%乙酸水溶液(55︰45,V/V)为流动相,柱温45℃,在238 nm的紫外光波长下进行二氯喹啉酸的外标法定量。该方法精密度为6.0%,检出限为0.012 mg/kg,不同类型土壤的加标回收率74.9%~98.8%,能满足有机分析要求。该方法既简捷易操作,又能满足土壤中二氯喹啉酸低残留量的测定。     

二氯喹啉酸在烟草上发生药害原因及预防措施

简述了二氯喹啉酸作为中国水稻田常用的一种除草剂的特性及作用机理,回顾二氯喹啉酸在国内各烟草产区对烟草产生药害的历史,分析了二氯喹啉酸的使用对烟草产生药害的症状、原因及防治措施。通过各地的试验、实践得出如下结论,二氯喹啉酸是稻田中比较好的除草剂,对烟草产生的药害是可以防止的,通过轮作间隔期、合理施药等方法即可避免。但是,药害一旦发生,则很难通过生理生化等方法使烟草产生的畸形症状得以恢复。文章可为二氯喹啉酸类除草剂的合理使用提供依据及技术指导。     

50%二氯喹啉酸WP替代药剂的筛选

为筛选出50%二氯喹啉酸WP的替代药剂,选择30%氯酰草膦EC、33.6%苯吡唑草酮SC、315 g/L异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆SC作为替代药剂与50%二氯喹啉酸WP在同一玉米地进行田间试验。结果表明:30%氯酰草膦EC除草效果及对玉米的安全性均未达到50%二氯喹啉酸WP同等水平,不宜作为替代药剂;33.6%苯吡唑草酮SC杂草防治效果与50%二氯喹啉酸WP相当,玉米的生长情况与50%二氯喹啉酸WP差异不显著,虽可以降低二氯喹啉酸的药害风险,但考虑到用药成本和半衰期远大于50%二氯喹啉酸WP,亦不宜作为替代药剂;315 g/L异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆SC的除草效果优于50%二氯喹啉酸WP,且易降解,可作替代药剂用于玉米-烤烟轮作区玉米地杂草防除,可以解决二氯喹啉酸对后茬烟草的药害问题。     

Stress response of Burkholderia cepacia WZ1 exposed to quinclorac and the biodegradation of quinclorac

Quinclorac is an effective herbicide, but its residue is known to be a major environmental pollutant. Therefore, isolating quinclorac-degrading bacteria, exploring the mechanisms of degradation and analyzing the proteins introduced by the pollutant, would have scientific value and practical importance. We used quinclorac-degrading bacteria WZ1 (an opportunistic pathogen with broad substrate characteristic) as the test strain, and used several techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Northern Blotting to study the stress response of the strain upon environmental stress and the biodegradation of quinclorac. The results showed that strain WZ1 secreted some protective proteins such as Mn-SOD, Heat-shock protein and Taurine dioxygenase to deal with the stress of quinclorac; while the expression of proteins DsbA and Gmet_1484 related to bacterial pathogenesis decreased significantly when exposed to quinclorac (which could be used to indicate that bacterial pathogenicity was attenuated). At the same time, quinclorac also induced the expression of phthalate dioxygenase reductase and chlorocatechol 1, 2-dioxygenase. They are the key proteins participating in the degradation of quinclorac, which was proved by the Northern Blotting. With the information gathered, we attempted to define the degradation pathway of quinclorac.     

稻田王,快杀稗,农得时防除稻田杂草试验报告

根据稻田王、快杀稗、农得时及对照药剂丁草胺４种除草剂对杂草的要对防效，筛选出了除治水稻秧田、本田杂草的最佳药剂，找出了稻田王、快杀稗、农得时的田间最佳使用剂量，并对各除草剂的相对防效进行方差分析及多重比较，为大面积推广提供理论依据。     

微生物修复二氯喹啉酸污染农田的研究进展

二氯喹啉酸在土壤中残效期长,易给下茬作物造成药害。综述了二氯喹啉酸除草剂的应用概况、二氯喹啉酸污染农田的物理、化学和生物降解等修复措施以及微生物降解菌的筛选、鉴定和应用进展,讨论了利用微生物修复二氯喹啉酸污染土壤过程中存在的问题和困难,旨在为开展土壤微生物降解土壤中残留的二氯喹啉酸提供参考。     

两种稻田除草剂引起的烟草药害及替代除草剂筛选试验

【目的】筛选目前已引起药害的二氯喹啉酸和磺隆类除草剂替代品种。【方法】通过盆栽试验研 究二氯喹啉酸和苄嘧磺隆对后茬作物烟草生长的影响。【结果】两种稻田除草剂均可对后茬烟草的株高、叶长 和叶宽产生影响。其中,二氯喹啉酸对叶宽抑制最明显,严重时造成叶片狭长呈线型,失去商业价值,当土壤 中二氯喹啉酸为 2×10-4 mg/kg 时,烟草叶宽抑制率达 10% 以上;苄嘧磺隆主要造成植株矮小,单株叶片数量减少, 降低烟叶产量,土壤中苄嘧磺隆为 2×10-3 mg/kg 时,烟草株高抑制率在 10% 以上。【结论】乳氧禾草灵可替 代磺隆类除草剂防治阔叶类杂草,对后茬作物烟草安全;丁草胺可替代二氯喹啉酸防治禾本科杂草;乙羧氟草 醚对禾本科和阔叶类杂草防效较好,对水稻和后茬作物烟草安全,可替代磺隆类除草剂和二氯喹啉酸在水稻田 中使用。     

不同微生物制剂对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟草根际土壤生物活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,在二氯喹啉酸胁迫下用不同的微生物制剂处理烟草,研究了根际土壤中微生物群落及酶活性的变化。结果表明,烟草根际土壤受二氯喹啉酸危害的各项指标均下降;根际土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量,以及脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于受害土壤,但低于健康土壤,复合微生物制剂的效果好于微生物菌剂,其次是生物菌肥,因此,受二氯喹啉酸危害的烟草根际土壤健康质量具有修复作用。     

二氯喹啉酸人工抗原的合成与鉴定

 以除草剂二氯喹啉酸（quinclorac，Q）、氯化亚砜、氨基己酸和氨基丁酸等为起始原料，经2步化学反应分别合成了2种二氯喹啉酸半抗原：6-(3,7-二氯-8-喹啉甲酰基)氨基己酸（QC）和4-（3,7-二氯-8-喹啉甲酰基）氨基丁酸（QB）。并通过碳化二亚胺法和混合酸酐法将Q、QC和QB分别与载体蛋白（BSA、OVA）偶联制备了二氯喹啉酸的免疫抗原和包被抗原。再将Q-BSA、QC-BSA和QB-BSA分别免疫新西兰大白兔获得了3种抗二氯喹啉酸的多克隆抗体：抗Q-BSA抗体(Q-Ab)、抗QC-BSA抗体(QC-Ab)和抗QB-BSA抗体(QB-Ab)，当相应的包被抗原浓度均为4 ?g·ml-1时，相应的冻干粉效价分别为2×103，1.2×106和1.6×106。由于Q-Ab效价偏低，不适合用于检测。采用同源间接ELISA竞争法测定时，其他2种抗体（QC-Ab、QB-Ab）的抑制中浓度(IC50)均大于50 mg·L-1，检测灵敏度也较低。因此本文对异源间接竞争ELISA法进行了研究，结果表明，异源反应的检测灵敏度高于同源反应，其中QB-Ab的IC50为0.4 mg·L-1；最低检测限为0.006 mg·L-1。     

Quinclorac Resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli from China

Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China, and quinclorac has been long used for its control. Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli. Two resistant(R) E. crus-galli populations from Hunan, China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible(S) population. No difference in foliar uptake of 14 C-labelled quinclorac was detected between the R and S plants. However, a higher level of 14 C translocation and a lower level of quinclorac metabolism were found in the R plants. Basal and induced expression levels of β-cyanoalanine synthase(β-CAS) gene and β-CAS activity were not significantly different between the R and S plants. However, the induction expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO1) gene by quinclorac treatment was evident in the S plants but not in the R plants. Quinclorac resistance in the two resistant E. crus-galli populations was not likely to be related to foliar uptake, translocation or metabolism of quinclorac, nor to cyanide detoxification via β-CAS. Thus, target-site based quinclorac signal reception and transduction and regulation of the ethylene synthesis pathway should be the focus for further research.