42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对番茄叶霉病的防效

[目的]探讨42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对番茄叶霉病的田间防治效果。[方法]以10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂为对照药剂,采用小区试验研究42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对番茄叶霉病的防治效果。[结果]42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂在剂量为150.0~225.0 g a.i./hm2时,对番茄叶霉病的防治效果为83.37%~91.63%,与10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂120.0g a.i./hm~2对番茄叶霉病的防治效果无显著差异,但显著高于70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂562.5 g a.i./hm~2的防治效果。[结论]42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂可广泛用于番茄叶霉病的防治。     

Fungitoxicity and synergism of mixtures of fluopicolide and pyraclostrobin against Phytophthora infestans

Fluopicolide and pyraclostrobin were new systemic fungicides with highly inhibitory activity on a broad spectrum of oomycetes, but so far the fungitoxicity of their mixtures on the different developmental stages of Phytophthora infestans and whether synergism exists have not been investigated. The joint-toxicity of the mixtures of fluopicolide with pyraclostrobin was determined against the different developmental stages (mycelial growth, zoospore release, cystospore germination and sporangial germination) of P. infestans and late blight on the leaf discs and the potted plants of potato, and whether the synergistic interaction exists in the mixtures of the two fungicides were evaluated in vitro and in vivo based on the synergistic ratios calculated with the Wadley formulas. The protective activity and curative activity against P. infestans and the efficacy duration in controlling potato late blight of the synergistic mixtures of the two fungicides were examined in this study. The results showed that mixtures of fluopicolide (F) and pyraclostrobin (P) at the ratios of 10:1 and 1:4 (F:P) exhibited synergistic interactions and had excellent inhibitory activity against almost all developmental stages of P. infestans. Synergistic interactions of the mixtures at the ratios of 1:4 and 10:1 (F:P) against the mycelial growth of metalaxyl-resistant isolates were more obvious than against the mycelial growth of metalaxyl-sensitive isolates. Synergistic interactions of the mixtures at the ratio of 1:4 (F:P) against the mycelial growth of the most of the tested isolates were more obvious than those of the mixtures at the ratio of 10:1 (F:P). The highest activity of the mixtures was observed against zoospore release at the ratio of 1:4 (F:P) with EC₅₀ value of 0.0044 μg ml⁻¹. The strongest synergistic interaction of the mixtures was observed against zoospore release at the ratio of 10:1 (F:P) with the synergistic ratio of 5.27. The mixtures of fluopicolide and pyraclostrobin at the ratios of 1:4 and 10:1 (F:P) showed synergistic interactions against P. infestans on the leaf discs and intact plants of potato. The EC₅₀ values for protective activity and curative activity of the mixture at the ratio of 10:1 (F:P) were 0.63 μg ml⁻¹ and 0.87 μg ml⁻¹, and EC₅₀ values of protective activity and curative activity of the mixture at the ratio of 1:4 (F:P) were 0.27 μg ml⁻¹ and 0.44 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. At 14 days after spraying of fungicide solutions, the disease control efficacy of the mixtures at the ratios of 10:1 and 1:4 (F:P) was still over 80% at the dosages of 50 μg ml⁻¹ and 100 μg ml⁻¹, and the disease control efficacy of the two mixtures remained at about 97% at the dosages of 200 μg ml⁻¹, indicating long-lasting effective control efficacy of the two fungicides against potato late blight.     

几种农药对桑椹小粒性菌核病的防治效果试验

桑椹菌核病是果用桑树的重要病害,为高效、安全控制该病对桑果生产的危害,进行了大田农药防治筛选试验。结果表明,70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂500倍液、50%多菌灵-硫磺粉剂500倍液和1 000倍液对桑椹小粒性菌核病具有较好的防治效果,且对桑叶和桑椹无明显药害;70%甲基托布津粉剂1 000倍液、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油1 500倍和3 000倍液以及40%嘧霉胺粉剂1 000倍液也有一定的防治效果。     

吡唑醚菌酯对玉米营养生长期的安全性评价研究

250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油是新一代高效杀菌剂,为在玉米上安全使用该药剂,于2009年进行250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油对玉米(甜玉米)营养生长期的安全性评价试验。试验结果表明,250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油3000倍、2000倍和1000倍在玉米营养生长期进行喷药处理,植株未见药害现象,玉米茎杆和嫩叶生长正常,而750倍、500和250倍喷药后,发现玉米个别嫩叶基部有轻微或轻度的药害现象,但数天后可缓解,不影响玉米中后期的正常生长及开花结果。试验结果可知,250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油防治玉米病害的使用浓度以1000～3000倍为宜。     

西瓜与土壤中吡唑醚菌酯残留的分析方法

[目的]建立西瓜和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯残留检测方法。[方法]用乙腈提取西瓜和土壤样品,经硅胶柱净化后用液相色谱紫外检测器检测。[结果]在添加水平为0.05～1.00 mg/kg时,吡唑醚菌酯在瓜瓤、全瓜和土壤中的添加回收率分别为81.4%～92.3%、101.1%～102.6%、80.0%～92.0%;RSD分别为3.0%～4.3%、3.9%～7.2%、4.4%～6.5%;检出限均为0.02 mg/kg。[结论]该方法灵敏度高,检测限低,重现性好,完全能够满足西瓜和土壤中杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯残留的检测。     

海南省火龙果溃疡病菌对吡唑醚菌酯敏感性分析

【目的】监测分析海南省火龙果溃疡病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线及敏感性水平。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法测定吡唑醚菌酯对海南省8个火龙果种植市(县)采集到的59株火龙果溃疡病菌的EC₅₀值,采用R语言进行数据分析。【结果】吡唑醚菌酯对供试菌株的EC₅₀范围为0.2540~2.2233μg·mL^-1,EC₅₀均值为0.9841μg·mL^-1;以58株菌株EC₅₀连续性正态分布时的均值0.9627μg·mL^-1作为海南省火龙果溃疡病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线,海南省火龙果溃疡病菌均对吡唑醚菌酯表现为敏感;除乐东和白沙地区间敏感性差异显著外,其他地区间敏感性差异均不显著。【结论】海南省火龙果溃疡病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性差异较小,对吡唑醚菌酯仍较为敏感。     

吡唑醚菌酯施用时期对水稻主要真菌病害防效的影响

研究不同生育时期施用吡唑醚菌酯对滨海稻区水稻主要真菌病害的防效,分析该药剂的最佳施用时期。结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯能有效防治稻瘟病、纹枯病和稻曲病。在孕穗末期和齐穗期施用25%吡唑醚菌酯,稻瘟病、纹枯病和稻曲病防效分别达到91.11%,84.75%和80.12%,均高于其他施药时期。同时,在孕穗末期和齐穗期施药产量最高。     

42．5％吡唑嘧菌酯·氟唑菌酰胺SC对葡萄白粉病的防效

[目的]筛选能有效防治葡萄白粉病的药剂。[方法]在防治葡萄白粉病田间小区试验中,设8个处理,于病害发生初期每隔10d施药1次,共施3次,药前进行基数调查,每次药后10d调查病情指数和防治效果。[结果]42．5％吡唑嘧菌酯·氟唑菌酰胺SC使用剂量为2500和3000倍时,末次防效为78．6％和75．5％,与各对照药剂防效相当,对葡萄白粉病有较好的防治效果,且对葡萄安全。[结论]生产上使用42．5％吡唑嘧菌酯·氟唑菌酰胺SC2500～3000倍液可有效防治葡萄白粉病。     

枯草芽孢杆菌 DJ-6与吡唑醚菌酯及其混配对草莓枯萎病的室内抑菌活性与田间促生防病效果

[目的]筛选草莓枯萎病增效生物复配杀菌剂。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定枯草芽孢杆菌 DJ-6与吡唑醚菌酯及其5种配比对草莓枯萎病菌的室内抑菌活性,采用田间试验测定20%吡唑醚菌酯·200亿 cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂1000倍液、2000倍液、3000倍液以及各单剂对草莓生长性状的影响和对草莓枯萎病菌的防治效果。[结果]枯草芽孢杆菌DJ-6与吡唑醚菌酯及1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、1∶5混配组合对草莓枯萎病菌的 EC50分别为5.3115、4.0086、3.5706、3.3509、3.2189μg/ml;5种混配组合对枯萎病菌的增效系数（SR）分别为2.28、1.77、1.53、1.64、1.11,其中以1∶1增效作用最大。20%吡唑醚菌酯·200亿cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂三种不同浓度混配及各单剂均有促进草莓生长和防治枯萎病的效果,其中高、中浓度处理高于低浓度和单剂处理。药后30 d和80 d测定枯萎病防治效果,高浓度的防效最高为100.00%和93.11%;中浓度的防效为92.49%和86.49%,高于低浓度和各单剂处理;低浓度的防效分别为82.61%和72.42%,高于1000亿cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂1000倍液,但低于250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油2000倍液。[结论]20%吡唑醚菌酯·200亿 cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂定植后的灌根浓度推荐为1000~2000倍液。     

Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds

Non-lethal alternatives are needed to manage the damage caused by wild birds to oilseed sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus). We evaluated field residues and experimental applications of an anthraquinone-based repellent (active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) to minimize red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus) depredation of oilseed sunflower. Chemical residues from experimental applications of the anthraquinone-based repellent (4.7 l/ha and 9.4 l/ha; low, high) in a ripening oilseed sunflower field were 481 ppm and 978 ppm anthraquinone at the beginning of blackbird damage, and 385 ppm and 952 ppm anthraquinone at the end of blackbird damage, respectively. Prior to harvest, we observed 402 ppm and 462 ppm anthraquinone in the oil, and 27 ppm and 165 ppm anthraquinone in the pomace from crushed sunflower achenes previously sprayed with the low and high applications, respectively. For the purpose of developing application strategies useful for avian repellents, we subsequently investigated blackbird feeding response to oilseed sunflower treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent and either a registered insecticide or a registered fungicide popularly used for ripening sunflower. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among blackbirds exposed to anthraquinone and the insecticide (a.i. 8.4% esfenvalerate), or anthraquinone and the fungicide (a.i. 23.6% pyraclostrobin). Blackbirds reliably discriminated between untreated sunflower and that treated with 1810 ppm anthraquinone and 0.1% of the insecticide or 1700 ppm anthraquinone and 0.14% of the fungicide during our preference experiments. Given that ripening achenes are inverted from conventional pesticide applications throughout much of the period associated with blackbird depredation, we also evaluated blackbird repellency of the anthraquinone-based repellent applied to involucral bracts (i.e., the back of sunflower heads) of oilseed sunflower. Blackbirds did not discriminate between untreated involucral bracts and those treated with foliar applications comparable to 4.7 l/ha or 9.4 l/ha; blackbirds consumed more achenes from untreated sunflower heads than from those treated with 18.7 l/ha of the anthraquinone-based repellent. Supplemental repellent efficacy studies should investigate blackbird response to anthraquinone-based repellents (e.g., ≥4.7 l/ha) within 10–100 ha sunflower fields and include independent field replicates with predicted bird damage, repellent application strategies developed for protection of ripening crops, pre- and at-harvest repellent residues, and bird damage and crop yield measurements.