确定插齿刀廓形的方法及精度分析

论述了由插齿刀前锥面和螺旋面方程确定的母面廓形,提出了保证插齿刀原始廓形角的3个条件,由此推出了计算廓形角的3种方法,得出了廓形角及基圆半径的计算公式,然后对3种方法的误差进行分析,计算表明第3种方法误差较小,是一种较好方法。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧对水稻土剖面形态特征的影响

为探讨免耕抛秧栽培对土壤剖面形态特征的影响,分别对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田的常耕和免耕试验的土壤剖面进行了研究。结果表明,常耕对土壤剖面形态特征影响不明显。免耕改变了耕作层亚层的剖面形态特征,且表层土壤疏松和pH值变小;水稻根系向土壤表层集中和裂隙出现部位增高。普通免耕形成的耕作层构型是Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,疏松表层较薄、亚表层有变坚实的趋势。稻草还田免耕形成的耕作层构型是O-Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,鳝血斑的数量增加、土壤颜色加深、疏松和体积质量降低。以稻草还田免耕抛秧形成的土壤剖面协调土壤肥力效果最好。     

果树冠层参数实时检测系统

为了降低农药喷施环境污染和提高水果品质,实现果园果树仿形精确喷雾,建立了一套果树冠层参数的实时检测系统.该系统主要由作物识别系统、车辆姿态系统、主控单元和数据记录单元组成,采用CAN总线进行数据通信.对5棵临近的绿篱树进行了初步的靶标距离检测试验,试验重复3次.采用4个超声波传感器分时检测,拖拉机前进速度为0.3m/s,系统采样速率为5次/s.试验表明,系统能可靠地按一定的采样速率,实时检测和记录系统载体车辆位置、姿态(地面平整度)和果树靶标的距离等数据,为精确仿形喷雾提供了一个较好的喷雾控制平台.     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

不同施肥措施对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的特征影响

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦收获后NO3--N在土壤剖面中的累积状况。研究结果表明:不论是单独施用无机、生物有机肥还是无机、有机肥混施都会造成硝酸盐在土壤中的积累,但有机肥本身产生的硝酸盐累积量极微。生物有机、元机肥混施后减少了无机肥料中硝态氮深层累积。在0-100cm土层中,硝态氮的累积量呈递减趋势,在0-40cm的累积量最高。砂质土壤比牯质土壤更有利于硝态氮的深层迁移。     

土壤剖面胶体中铁氧化物及其厌氧还原特征研究

采用自由沉降法分离提取玄武岩赤红壤不同剖面深度的土壤胶体,分析其基本特征,并通过厌氧培养试验测试不同剖面土壤胶体中铁氧化物的厌氧还原特征。化学分析结果表明,土壤胶体中铁的游离度表现出A层>B1层>AB层的趋势,铁的活化度则随剖面深度的增加而降低,XRD、FTIR的表征结果显示,玄武岩赤红壤胶体中铁氧化物主要是结晶较差的赤铁矿和针铁矿。培养试验结果表明,不同剖面深度的土壤胶体厌氧培养过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度均表现出不断增大的趋势,A层土壤胶体铁氧化物易被还原且累积量较高,可达(0.104±0.003)mg/g土。Fe(Ⅱ)的最大累积量随着土壤胶体中无定形铁的含量和铁的活化度的增加而增加,其速率常数与土壤有机质含量有一定的正相关关系。     

Satisfaction across urban consumers of smallholder-produced teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) poles in South Benin

The study used the expectancy-disconfirmation framework to investigate the satisfaction among urban consumers of teak pole in South Benin, so as to identify the areas where interventions are needed to secure market opportunity for smallholder forestry. A survey was conducted in five cities; and 223 household-heads were interviewed using systematic sampling, with a random start. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, teak pole consumption forms, behaviour patterns, and motivations. Respondents also rated their expectations and perceptions for a set of nine attributes on a 7 points Likert scale. Hierarchical ascending cluster analysis was performed to identify consumer segments; and satisfaction level was analysed per segment, by determining the gap between expectations and perceptions, for all attributes. Four consumer segments were identified; and sociodemographic profiles differed across those segments. Competitive price was an important purchasing motivation across the identified segments. Consumers were dissatisfied with price, availability, knot frequency, bending, length, hardness, and durability of teak pole. The efforts to meet the consumer expectations should be concentrated on building farmers' capacity in silvicultural management, and ensuring the availability of good planting material. The issue of competitive price might be addressed, through the improvement of the overall efficiency in the value chain.     

纵剖优选锯主轴调整系统结构的设计与仿真分析

针对传统板材锯切设备大多数处于半自动化状态,且存在加工精度低、出材率低、安全性差等缺点,笔者提出一种用于毛边板材裁边的纵剖优选锯设备的主轴调整系统。通过对毛边板材的裁边工艺进行分析,利用三维软件对纵剖优选锯主轴调整系统结构进行实体建模,确定了纵剖优选锯主轴调整系统的总体结构。对主轴组件上的锯片切削力和切削功率进行详细的设计计算,完成了主轴调整系统的主轴组件、锯片调整组件等结构的设计研究。根据锯片滑台最大许用应力和最大变形量对其进行有限元静力学仿真分析,通过仿真结果校核得出的锯片滑台满足设计要求。设计的纵剖优选锯主轴调整系统结构具有适用于产品多规格、高出材率、高自动化和实用性强的特点。     

发动机异形活塞加工系统及其动态性能研究

提出了发动机非圆异形活塞裙面的一种新型车削方法,采用振动技术实现非圆截面的高频响微位移进人,采用步进电机实现中凸型线控制。这种高频车削方法的系统动态特性是影响复杂轮廓精度的主要因素,本文通过激振实验对此进行了研究,提出了相应的改进措施及补偿策略,保证了系统良好的加工性能。     

Effects of nature sounds on the attention and physiological and psychological relaxation

This study aims to verify the effects of nature sounds on attention, and physiological and psychological relaxation. Twenty-six university students (mean age: 21.5 ± 1.9 years) participated in this study, and the experiment was conducted with one person at a time. A mixed sound of valley water and birds in a forest environment was used as the nature sound, and a road traffic sound was used as the urban sound (control). The participants performed the following steps: (1) closed their eyes and rested for 1 min; (2) opened their eyes and completed attention tasks while hearing nature or urban sounds for 1 min; (3) closed their eyes again and rested while hearing the same sound for 1 min. We used Harris and Harris grid for the attention task. We measured the participants’ oxy-hemoglobin concentration, heart rate variability, and heart rate for physiological evaluation, and used semantic differential method, and profile of mood states for psychological evaluation. As a result, ① There was no significant difference in the results of the attention task; however, the scores were slightly higher when hearing nature sound. ② The oxy-hemoglobin concentration and heart rate was lower, and parasympathetic nerve activity was enhanced when hearing nature sound than when hearing urban sound. ③ Once participants heard nature sound, they felt more comfortable, relaxed, and natural, and the negative mood state was lower, while the positive mood state was higher than urban sound. This suggests that hearing nature sounds may be an effective way to relieve stress in everyday life.