烟草中高级烷醇·植物甾醇和茄尼醇含量及形态分布研究

采用气相色谱法,同时分析测定了不同类型、不同品种、不同产地及不同部位的烟草样品中高级烷醇、植物甾醇及茄尼醇的含量,得出：不同类型烟草样品中的高级烷醇、植物甾醇及茄尼醇均主要以酯结合态的形式存在,植物甾醇和茄尼醇的含量呈现出了特定的规律,即白肋烟及烤烟中植物甾醇和茄尼醇含量较高,香料烟其次,而雪茄烟含量最低.不同品种烟叶中3类组分均以K326及红大的含量较高,云87、NC82及云85中含量较低.不同产地烟叶中高级烷醇、植物甾醇及茄尼醇含量分布均呈现出明显的地域性差异.不同部位烟叶叶片,植物甾醇以及茄尼醇的含量变化规律为：中部叶＞上部叶＞下部叶.     

甲基咪唑酸性离子液体催化制备甾醇烟酸酯

合成N-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([Hmim]HSO4)、1-(3-磺酸基)丙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([C3SO3Hmim]HSO4)、1-(3-磺酸基)丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([C4SO3 Hmim]HSO4)阴离子质子酸离子液体,并探讨其酸性、溶解性等特性.同时以烟酸和甾醇酯为原料,以这些离子液体为溶剂和催化剂,制备甾醇烟酸酯,考察这些离子液体的催化活性.结果表明,酸醇比为1.2∶1,反应温度120℃,反应时间1 h时,酯化收率最高达到79.6%,而且离子液体可重复使用3次以上,且催化活性不受影响,研究结果还表明,离子液体催化活性与其酸性、溶解性密切相关.     

Distribution and composition of phytosterols and steryl ferulates in wheat grain and bran fractions

Phytosterols and steryl ferulates are bioactive compounds accumulating in the bran and germ of wheat. However, little is known regarding their localisation and composition in the bran layers of the kernel. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of phytosterols and steryl ferulates in the wheat grain and in the different layers of bran. The wheat fractions, produced by conventional debranning, aleurone separation and a novel electrostatic process, were analysed for phytosterol contents using GC–FID and for steryl ferulate contents using HPLC–UV. The compounds were identified by GC– and LC–MS. Phytosterols and steryl ferulates were concentrated in the bran layers. The steryl ferulates were accumulated in the intermediate layers, whereas the phytosterols were more evenly distributed in the intermediate layers and aleurone cell contents. The phytosterol composition varied within the wheat kernel, while the steryl ferulate composition was similar in different fractions. Sitosterol and campestanyl ferulate were the main compounds. The highest levels of phytosterols (up to 2117 μg/g) and steryl ferulates (up to 703 μg/g) were found in the pearling, aleurone and certain bran fractions. The phytosterol-rich fractions could be utilised in cereal foods to enhance the intake of health-promoting compounds from natural sources.     

Fatty Acids, Sterols, Phenols and Antioxidant Activity of Phoenix theophrasti Fruits Growing in Crete, Greece

In the present study we report the chemical composition of the Cretan Phoenix theophrasti Gr. fruits, in comparison with dates, from its close relative Phoenix dactylifera L. for their nutritional value and their potential exploitation as a source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, lipids and polyphenols. The non polar dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) extract of the fruits was analysed by several techniques (TLC, CC, GC and GC-MS) and was found to consist mainly from fatty acids, hydrocarbons and phytosterols. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, 12.49% of total saponifiables, while β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, 29.46% of total unsaponifiable lipid fraction. The polar methanolic extract was examined for its total phenolic content, by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, as well as for its antioxidant activity through DPPH assay, in comparison with previous studies on the fruits of several Phoenix dactylifera varieties. This fraction was found to possess strong antioxidant activity despite its lower content of phenolic compounds in comparison with previously studied Phoenix dactylifera specimens.     

植物甾醇对泌乳前期奶牛生产性能及血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同剂量植物甾醇对泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及血浆生化指标的影响。选用泌乳期相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分成4组,每组6头,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加200、400和800 mg/d植物甾醇,研究不同添加量的植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明：①各试验组血浆生化指标Ⅱ组变化最为明显。较Ⅰ组而言,Ⅱ组血浆雌激素、孕酮、催乳素、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素、干扰素、白细胞介素2、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著提高（P＜0.05）,丙二醛含量显著下降（P＜0.05）。②较Ⅰ组而言,Ⅲ组血浆白细胞介素2、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著提高（P＜0.05）。③与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅳ组血浆甘油三酯含量明显下降（P＜0.05）,总超氧化物歧化酶显著提高（P＜0.05）。添加植物甾醇可提高奶牛的泌乳量,改善奶牛内源激素不平衡的状况,并促进奶牛发情,改善奶牛脂类代谢情况,改善奶牛体质,其中200 mg/d植物甾醇添加量为最适添加量。     

Fatty acids profile,sterols, tocopherol and squalene content in Fagopyrum tataricum seed milling fractions

There is no data on the lipid profile of Fagopyrum tataricum grain and its milling products. Therefore, we aimed to assess the phytosterol and tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of the samples of F. tataricum. Grain was milled, then the milling product separated to hull, bran, and two flour fractions, differing in particle size. The highest level of lipids (total fatty acids – 83%, with dominant oleic acid – 40%) was observed in the bran fraction (380 μm > GA > 180 μm). All samples contained some natural cis fatty acids, such as vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7; ~2.8%) and tocopherol (α-, β-, δ- and γ-tocopherol). The highest content of total tocopherol was also detected in the bran fraction (0.1% of lipids). The content of lipid soluble bioactive substances was different and depended on the size of obtained fraction, therefore properly designed grain processing technology can be used to produce food with high nutritional value.     

超声波法提取荸荠块茎果肉植物甾醇的工艺研究

[目的]优化超声波法提取荸荠块茎果肉中的植物甾醇的最佳工艺参数。[方法]采用超声波法提取荸荠块茎果肉中的植物甾醇,对提取溶剂的种类、溶剂体积分数(V/V)、料液比、提取时间、超声波功率分别进行单因素试验,并在此基础上利用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法确定了植物甾醇提取的最佳工艺。[结果]试验表明,荸荠块茎果肉植物甾醇的最佳提取工艺条件:乙醇体积分数为60%,料液比为1∶20 g/ml,提取时间为9 min,提取功率为395 W,在此条件下测得吸光值为1.502。[结论]研究可为荸荠的进一步开发利用提供参考依据。     

Possible alternative utilization of Cynara spp.: II. Chemical characterization of their grain oil

The grain oils extracted from six genotypes of Cynara species: two globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus L.), two cultivated cardoons (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.) and two wild cardoons (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris Lam.), were analysed in order to ascertain their alimentary value. Oil yield, moisture, acidity, peroxide number, UV spectrophotometry and CIE colour parameters, fatty acids, phytosterols and -tocopherol were determined by standard methods. Cynara species which are most promising in terms of quality and quantity of oil were the cardoons, especially those belonging to the wild cardoon genotypes. Triacylglycerols were the dominant constituents together with very little amounts of phospholipids and glycolipids. The high content of oleic and linoleic acids in a balanced ratio, and the low amount of free acids, peroxides, saturated and linolenic acids ensure a good alimentary quality. Distribution of phytosterols was typical of oil from grain of Asteraceae such as sunflower and safflower. Moreover the optimal -tocopherol content offers a guarantee of stability against oxidation.     

Phytosterol,Squalene, Tocopherol Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Selected Seeds,Grains, and Legumes

The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of plant-based foods is a potential source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols. The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of phytosterols, and squalene, as well as tocopherols (α and β + γ) in selected grains, seeds, and legumes. The method comprised acid hydrolysis and lipid extraction followed by alkaline saponification, prior to analysis by HPLC. In addition, the fatty acid profile of the foods was determined via total lipid extraction, fatty acid derivitisation and GC analysis. In general, β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging in concentration from 24.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seed to 191.4 mg/100 g in peas. Squalene identified in all foods examined in this study, was particularly abundant in pumpkin seed (89.0 mg/100 g). The sum of α- and β+ γ-tocopherols ranged from 0.1 mg/100 g in rye to 15.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seeds. Total oil content ranged from 0.9% (w/w) in butter beans to 42.3% (w/w) in pumpkin seed and the type of fat, in all foods examined, was predominantly unsaturated. In conclusion, seeds, grains, and legumes are a rich natural source of phytosterols. Additionally, they contain noticeable amounts of squalene and tocopherols, and in general, their fatty acid profile is favorable.     

植物甾醇对去卵巢KM小鼠血清生殖激素及乳腺组织孕激素受体的影响

本试验旨在研究植物甾醇对去卵巢小鼠血清激素及乳腺组织中孕激素受体的影响。50只雌性小鼠,随机选40只进行去卵巢手术,恢复7 d。分组如下：正常组、去卵巢对照组、植物甾醇低、中、高3个剂量组（每日灌胃20、80和320 mg/kg植物甾醇）。连续灌胃3周,第22天采集血样和乳腺组织,对小鼠血清中的雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素水平进行检测,对乳腺组织的孕激素受体基因表达进行荧光定量检测。结果表明,去卵巢对照组小鼠雌二醇水平显著低于正常组（P〈0.05）。植物甾醇组小鼠血清雌二醇水平持续升高,其中,高剂量组小鼠血清雌二醇水平与正常组最接近;与去卵巢对照组相比,去卵巢植物甾醇组小鼠血清孕酮水平均有提高,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）;与去卵巢对照组相比,去卵巢植物甾醇组小鼠催乳素水平先下降后上升,但他们之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。与去卵巢对照组相比,植物甾醇各剂量组小鼠孕激素受体基因相对表达量呈上升趋势,低、中、高剂量组小鼠孕激素受体基因相对表达量分别是去卵巢对照组的1.05、1.13和2.78倍。植物甾醇可改善去卵巢小鼠内源激素不平衡的状况,促进乳腺组织PR基因的表达。