Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

论王安忆小说《长恨歌》中的宿命意识

对人类命运的关注是文学创作的永恒主题,宿命,是文学中永恒的主题之一。王安忆的长篇小说《长恨歌》是当代文学史上的一部经典著作,它以强烈的宿命意识贯穿始终。《长恨歌》的宿命意识主要体现在以下三个方面:首先,悲剧主人公王琦瑶是宿命意识的坚持者,强烈的宿命感几乎是王琦瑶相伴一生不曾舍弃的精神特质;其次,小说中作者常常借助他人之口道出宿命思想;最后,小说中的叙述者总在恰当时刻代替作者阐发宿命观点。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.     

5个竹种林下土壤营养元素含量比较

[目的]比较不同竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量。[方法]在福建农林大学百竹园内选取大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种,分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对其林下土壤进行"S"型多点采样,对其氮、磷、钾含量进行测定。[结果]大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量皆较高,但各竹种之间的营养元素含量有显著差异,且各竹种在不同季节的营养元素含量也有明显差异。其中大明竹林下土壤的营养元素含量最高,且最为稳定,牡竹相对较差。[结论]在福建地区,大明竹对营养元素的产生及维系稳定具有良好的能力,可成为该地区城市观赏用竹及发展林下经济的优良竹种。     

Predicting the degree of phosphorus saturation using the ammonium acetate–EDTA soil test

As a result of the important role played by phosphorus (P) in surface water eutrophication, the susceptibility of soils to release P requires evaluation. The degree of phosphorus saturation, assessed by oxalate extraction (DPS_ox), has been used as an indicator. However, most laboratories do not include DPS_ox in routine soil tests because of cost and time. This study evaluates the suitability of the ammonium acetate extraction in the presence of EDTA (AAEDTA), the standard soil test P (STP) in Wallonia (Southern Belgium), to predict DPS_ox; we also compared it with the Mehlich 3 extraction. Ninety‐three topsoil samples were collected in agricultural soils throughout Wallonia. Good correlations were found between the AAEDTA and the Mehlich 3 methods for P, Fe and Al (r = 0.85, 0.77 and 0.86, respectively). An exponential relationship was found between P_AAEDTA and DPS_ox. Results of principal component analysis and regression demonstrated that STP can be used to predict DPS_ox (r = 0.93) after logarithmic transformation. Soil test Al was also a good indicator of the P sorption capacity (PSC_ox) of soils (r = 0.86). Including the clay fraction in regression equations only slightly improved the prediction of PSC_ox (r = 0.90), while other readily available data (such as pH or organic carbon) did not significantly improve either DPS_ox or PSC_ox predictions.     

滴灌下不同施磷量对夏玉米内源激素及子粒灌浆特征的影响

依托滴灌下不同施磷量的第5年和第6年定位试验(P0：不施磷;P1:60 kg/hm²;P2:120 kg/hm²;P3:180 kg/hm²)对夏玉米形态、生理指标及子粒灌浆参数进行研究。结果表明,不同施磷处理下株高、单株干物重、叶面积指数和叶面积持续期、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物(POD)活性均无显著差异;叶片酸性磷酸酶(APA)活性表现为P0处理显著高于施磷处理,施磷处理间变化幅度较小;最大灌浆速率和灌浆持续期对子粒灌浆的调控效应较大,各处理的百粒重无显著差异;子粒生长素(IAA)含量和脱落酸(ABA)含量对不施磷肥具有显著反应。     

设施大棚间作玉米对丛枝菌根网络形成及辣椒疫病防治的影响

丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌对辣椒疫病等土传病害具有生防潜力,但由于难以纯培养而未能实现规模化生产应用,如能调动土著AM真菌的抑病功能则对实际生产具有重要指导意义。依托重庆石柱辣椒科技园,研究设施大棚中间作玉米对土著AM真菌生长及辣椒疫病防治的影响。结果表明,与辣椒单作相比,间作玉米处理辣椒根系AM真菌侵染率、根际AM真菌数量与土壤磷酸酶活性以及小区作物养分总吸收量均显著提高,辣椒疫病发病率与病情指数、单株辣椒的磷吸收量及果实生物量均显著下降,其中种植密度更高的等垄宽间作处理两种作物根系AM真菌侵染率、小区玉米产量及作物养分总吸收量均显著高于等行距间作处理,辣椒疫病发病率与之正好相反。设施环境下间作玉米或能通过促进AM真菌生长及其对辣椒根系的侵染来增强其对辣椒疫病的防治功效,其中等垄宽间作处理具有更好的经济效益。     

磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环中的应用

磷是土壤生态系统中的重要组成元素,开展土壤磷循环研究对提高磷肥利用效率和降低磷的生态环境风险具有重要意义。磷酸盐氧同位素技术已经被证明是一种示踪环境中磷生物地球化学行为的有效方法。本文系统综述了磷酸盐氧同位素技术的研究进展和未来发展方向。详细介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素的技术原理、样品处理和测定方法;阐述了无机磷和有机磷的氧同位素特征及时空分布特征;从评估土壤磷微生物利用状况和示踪土壤磷循环两个方面探讨了磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环研究中的应用前景,分析了磷来源、环境条件、生物活动和样品前处理过程对土壤磷酸盐氧同位素特征的影响,最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向。以期为磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤学和环境科学领域的发展和应用提供新的视角和科学指导。     

有机酸对红壤磷素吸附特性的影响

以不同供磷水平的旱地红壤为材料,探讨了柠檬酸、酒石酸和草酸对红壤磷素吸附特性的影响。试验结果表明,经有机酸培育后的红壤磷的吸附曲线与Langmuir方程吻合性很好,相关系数可达0.949~0.999。有机酸可使磷的吸附曲线类型发生转变,柠檬酸可使土壤磷的吸附等温线由第Ⅱ类型转化为第Ⅲ类型,酒石酸可改变CK与NPK处理的吸附类型,而草酸没有影响。柠檬酸可使土壤的Xm降低30%~75.3%,以PM处理中的降低程度最大。酒石酸和草酸却在不同程度上使土壤的Xm增大,二者可使Xm分别增加0.8~2.3倍和0.1~0.3倍。三种有机酸均可减小平衡常数K值,提高土壤磷素的吸附饱和度,对磷素吸附特征值的影响程度大小顺序为:柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸。在磷素利用率低的红壤中,增施有机肥或配施有机肥是提高土壤磷素生物有效性的最佳途径。