Attributes of wheat cultivars for late autumn sowing in genes expression and field estimates

Due to the growing interest in Central and Eastern Europe on cropping of wheat in optional late autumn terms, called facultative, genetic research and field evaluation were taken on four spring cultivars: Tybalt (NL), Monsun (DE), Ostka Smolicka (PL) and Bombona (PL), currently being recommended by breeders. The PPD gene analyze, expression level of dehydrine genes (WCS120 and WDHN13) in cooling test, and qPCR for RNA isolation and analyses of WCS120 and WDHN13 gene expression at the BBCH12 stage of wheat were estimated. Molecular analysis of PPD-D1 gene confirmed the presence of photoperiod sensitive allele ppd-D1b in all tested genotypes. The highest level of NRE WCS120 gene was detected in cultivars Tybalt and Bombona. Two-year field experimental study assessed the growth, development and productivity of facultative and spring crops of studied cultivars. Based on our results from field experiments and result of molecular analysis of alleles of PPD-D1 gene, the tested genotypes can be considered as potentially facultative genotypes.     

Extended flowering and high weed resistance within two layer designed perennial “prairie-meadow” vegetation

Interactions between two canopy layers in a designed perennial herbaceous plant community were investigated over a period of four and a half years to see whether it was possible to create an urban landscape vegetation that was both flower rich for an extensive time period and resistant to weed colonization at very low levels of maintenance by sowing seed in situ. The ecologically novel plant community involved a tall over-canopy layer of 18 species of North American prairie and woodland edge forbs, and a shade tolerant under-canopy of eight European and North American, mainly woodland forbs. After 5 years the community was dominated by four over-canopy and two winter green under-canopy species. Interspecific competition generated by the sown biomass restricted weed colonization to very low levels, despite the experiment being surrounded by a weedy brownfield. The winter green canopies of the two dominant under-storey forbs closed down gaps within a winter deciduous, prairie-like vegetation, improving winter appearance and providing a major flowering display in spring. This vegetation is an attractive design model for more sustainable herbaceous planting in urban landscape space.     

How do timing,duration, and intensity of drought stress affect the agronomic performance of winter rye?

Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) will be especially affected by drought induced yield losses in Central and Eastern Europe in the future because it is predominantly cultivated on low-fertile soils with a poor water-holding capacity. In order to examine the performance of winter rye under different drought conditions, field experiments were carried out during the years 2011, 2012, and 2013 near Braunschweig, Germany. Two sets of genotypes were tested under severe, mild, pre-anthesis, and post-anthesis drought stress in rain-out shelters as well as under rainfed and well-watered conditions. The grain, straw, and total above ground biomass yields, harvest index, grain yield components, leaf area index (LAI), and phenological characteristics were examined, as well as phenotypic correlations between grain yield and further characteristics. Drought induced grain yield reduction ranged from 14 to 57%, while straw yield and harvest index were lesser affected by drought than the grain yield. Under drought conditions, fully ripe was reached up to twelve days earlier than under non water-limited conditions. Pre-anthesis drought mainly reduced spikes m⁻² and kernels spike⁻¹ while drought during grain filling reduced the 1000-kernel weight (TKW) only. The grain yield was positively associated with straw yield, spikes m⁻², and kernels spike⁻¹ under water limited conditions while the TWK was only positively associated with grain yield under drought during grain filling. Consequently, high pre-anthesis biomass as well as high numbers of spikes m⁻² and kernels spike⁻¹ are especially important for obtaining high grain yields under water-limited conditions. Focusing on these traits is, therefore, recommendable for developing drought tolerant rye genotypes.     

汉代镜铭之长寿吉语

汉代镜铭中的长寿吉语内容丰富,就文辞而言,既有“千秋万岁”、“延年益寿”等常见内容,也有“上有仙人不知老”、“寿敝金石西王母”等罕见吉语.作为一种语言现象,镜铭长寿吉语承载着丰富的文化内涵,折射出汉民族绚丽多姿的文化形态,既表现了人类祈福长寿与长生的朴素幸福观,同时又反映了汉代社会特殊的民间信仰和早期道教文化.     

荒漠区植物适应沙旱环境对策的归类分析

利用甘肃民勤西沙窝地区1983~2012年观测的64种48属乔灌植物以及在年生命周期内主要物候期持续时间、物种频度、花朵、结实数量等物候资料,聚类分析其适应干旱荒漠环境的适生特点,并依此划分出迟发、夏休眠、种速熟、候期间歇、种晚熟、宿种、多次花、多花、丰种9种对策类群。结果表明,植物或调整了原生地物候规律对应适生干旱荒漠环境,或产生较大的生理属性变化回避环境因素制约,造就了各自的扩展空间与适生繁殖能力,一些特殊植物兼备了多重适生对策,成为判别荒漠区优势植物种的重要标志。     

天女木兰的物候及生长过程

对生长于北华大学林学院树木园内的天女木兰进行物候观测,并将物候与气象因子紧密结合,揭示了天女木兰的物候规律。同时通过对天女木兰的树干解析,找出了野生天女木兰树木的生长规律,从而为天女木兰的保育和开发利用提供了科学依据。     

冀京津冬小麦灌溉需水量时空变化特征

利用冀京津地区20个气象站点1961-2010年气象资料和1980-2009年冬小麦生育期资料,采用美国农业部土壤保持局推荐方法计算有效降水量,同时利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith方法计算冬小麦全生育期和4个主要生育阶段的需水量,并对冬小麦生育阶段灌溉需水量进行探讨。结果表明,过去50a来,冀京津冬小麦生育期内有效降水量呈增加趋势,空间上呈经向分布特点,表现为从西向东梯状增加的趋势。而冬小麦的需水量呈减少趋势,其中抽穗-乳熟期减少幅度最大,全生育期需水量的空间分布呈带状特征,全区差异较大。抽穗-乳熟期分布由东南向北递减。为满足冬小麦需水要求,全生育期灌溉需水量为291~381mm,灌溉需水量较多的地区为沧州市和衡水市一带。其中需水较多的生育阶段为拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-乳熟期。在空间上,拔节-抽穗期灌溉需水量以沧州市为中心,向南北两侧递减;抽穗-乳熟期灌溉需水量南高北低,有明显的带状分布特征。研究结果可为冀京津冬小麦适时定量灌溉和提高水分利用效率提供基础数据支撑。     

新疆冬小麦物候与气候条件研究

利用１９８０￣１９９０年新疆气象局所属的２４个农业气象观测点所获得的冬小麦物候资料及相应的气候资料,研究了冬小麦物候期及其分布规律,冬小麦物候期间隔日数和冬小麦生长发育的农业气候农业。结果表明：纬度愈高,海拔高度愈高,冬前冬小麦物候期愈早,而春季返青后物候期愈晚,但纬度及海拔高度对冬小麦物候期的影响不是常数,随物候期而异;冬小麦物候期间隔日数从播种到冬前停止生长为５８ｄ,从返青到孕穗为６０ｄ,抽穗     

近50年北京春季物候的变化及其对气候变化的响应

分析了北京近50年春季物候的变化规律及其对气候变化的响应，结果显示：（1）北京各种春季物候的多年变化具有相关性、同步性、顺序性；（2）各种春季物候现象出现的早晚与春季月份的气温波动有高度相关，与生长季的积温和年平均气温的相关系数也较高，这说明用物候做农时预报是有科学根据的；（3）用积分回归法作了气温对春季物候影响的统计分析，结果说明不同时期的气温波动对物候的影响系数是变化的；春温波动的影响系数是正的，而且愈近该物候出现期，其影响系数愈大，可以说该时期是这种物候现象的温度敏感期；冬温的影响系数是负的，说明较冷的冬温有利于打破冬季休眠，其值虽然不大，但它的生态意义不可忽略；（4）近50年来，北京春季物候经历了3个周期的早晚振荡，近十几年来北京春季物候持续偏早，特别是近10年，其偏早天数创历史记录，这与北京近年持续的暖冬相一致。现阶段正处于北京春季物候偏早期的峰区，估计未来10多年春季物候仍持续偏早。     

水稻发育温度效应的非线性模型及其应用

水稻完成某一生育期所需的有效积温常因环境而异，表明广泛应用的线性积温法需要修正。分析表明，日最低温度比日最高温度效应更显著，说明发育速率与温度间呈非线性关系。于是，本文提出了一个具有较好预测性的非线性温度效应模型。它较其他非线模型的优点在于其参数的生物学意义清晰。对积温的不稳定性，它解释为：有效积温