异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制初步研究

对异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制进行了初步研究。测定了其对线虫虫体形态、运动行为、体内总糖和蛋白质含量的影响,以及处理前后线虫体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性变化。结果表明:经异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理后的松材线虫虫体形态严重扭曲,运动形态出现由正常的S形变化为多节弯曲和螺旋状卷曲等异常状况,线虫行动随时间的推移变得迟缓,最终呈C形、新月形或直接死亡。随着异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理质量浓度的增大,线虫体内总糖和蛋白质含量显著上升,糖和蛋白质的代谢发生紊乱;线虫体内CAT、AChE和GST活性显著降低,且均低于对照组,表明线虫体内氧化和抗氧化作用失衡;细胞受到极大的影响,神经系统遭到破坏,解毒能力明显降低。研究结果可为研究利用异硫氰酸丙烯酯作为植物源杀线虫剂提供依据。     

丙硫磷控制稻瘟病的作用方式及应用技术

经１９９３－１９９５年生物测定和田间多点试验示范发现；１．丙硫磷对稻瘟菌孢子萌发和附着胞形成有显著的抑制活性，ＥＣ５０为１０３．３ｍｈ／Ｌ，５００ｍｇ／Ｌ的抑菌率达９６．２％；２．丙硫磷１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ对水稻苗叶瘟和穗瘟的预防效果分别为７９．４％和９０．７％，治疗效果分别为３９．３％和４１．８％；３丙硫磷６００－９００ｇ／ｈｍ＾２防治双季稻和瓜后稻穗瘟病的田间小区效果分别为７０．８％－８０．２％和     

中草药牛蒡子化学成分及药理研究进展

牛蒡子是一种常用中药,性寒,味辛、苦,归胃、肺经,具有疏散风热、宣肺透疹的功效,临床上用于治疗外感风热、咳嗽气喘、咽喉肿痛等症。综述了牛蒡子的主要化学成分木脂素类、挥发油类、脂肪油类及帖类及其抑菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、治疗肾病、降血糖等众多药理作用现状,旨在为牛蒡子的化学成分及其药理作用的研究与开发提供参考,指导传统中草药牛蒡子在畜牧业养殖生产中的临床应用。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

土壤微塑料影响植物生长的因素与机制研究进展

土壤中的微塑料可通过多种方式影响植物生长,并且其在植物体内积累会最终通过食物链进入人体,厘清微塑料对植物生长的影响及机制,有助于系统掌握其在土壤-植物体系中的环境行为。微塑料的赋存状态和理化特征均可影响其对植物的作用效果,本文从粒径、形状、浓度、种类、塑料添加剂和老化程度等方面,梳理了土壤微塑料影响植物生长的主要因素及作用机制,并对未来研究的重点内容提出展望,以期为进一步明晰微塑料对土壤生态系统的影响提供参考。     

丁吡吗啉对致病疫霉的作用机制初探

丁吡吗啉(pyrimorph)是一种结构新颖的杀菌剂,室内生物测定结果表明,其对致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans的菌丝生长、孢子囊产生、休止孢萌发具有较强的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为0.066、0.059和0.550 μg/mL,但对游动孢子释放的抑制作用较弱,其EC50值为 9.78 μg/mL。显微镜下观察结果表明,经丁吡吗啉处理后的菌丝分枝相对较少,分枝间距拉长,但对 菌丝直径无影响;从致病疫霉对番茄叶片的侵染过程来看,丁吡吗啉浓度为100 μg/mL时,处理24 h后在叶片表面只能看到少量休止孢萌发,96 h后未产生孢子囊。丁吡吗啉在1 μg/mL和10 μg/mL 时对菌丝体细胞膜的电导率无影响,但当浓度为50 μg/mL时其电导率值明显上升;初步测定结果表明,在100 μg/mL浓度下,其对致病疫霉菌丝体的蛋白质合成有一定的抑制作用,但对其菌丝体内的DNA合成没有明显的抑制作用。     

毛头鬼伞生物学特性与杀线虫作用的关系

毛头鬼伞Coprinuscomatus,又名鸡腿菇、鸡腿蘑等,隶属真菌门、鬼伞属真菌。该菌肉质肥厚嫩白,鲜美可口。营养丰富,是一种诱人的美味食品。除此之外,该菌还具有独特的医疗保健功效,其味甘性平,有益脾健胃、清神宁智、助消化、增进食欲、治疗痔疮、降低血糖等多种药用功能阻引,是一种极具商业潜能的食药兼用真菌。     

沉水植物在水环境治理中的应用研究

淡水是人类生存不可或缺的珍贵资源,然而随着近年工业快速发展及人口大幅增加,水环境污染问题日益突出,进一步加剧了水资源短缺的矛盾。沉水植物因其各部分均可吸收养料且通气组织特别发达,常被用作水环境治理的先锋种,其具有去除氮磷、提高透明度、固定底泥、抑制蓝藻、微生物协同等重要作用。本文就沉水植物及其设计原则、作用原理展开阐述,并分析应用中存在的问题,展望未来研究方向,以期为沉水植物今后的应用与研究提供参考。     

植物精油及其单体成分对水果腐败菌的抑菌活性及作用机理研究进展

为寻求绿色、天然的水果防腐保鲜剂,对水果常见的腐败微生物及其特征进行了分析,综述了牛至、肉桂、百里香、丁香、橙皮、芥末和山苍子7种植物精油对水果常见腐败菌的抑制作用,分析了百里酚、香芹酚、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、丁香酚5种精油单体成分的抑菌机理,总结出植物精油及其单体成分对水果常见腐败菌抑菌机理主要有以下5个途径：破坏细胞壁、细胞质膜,增强膜通透性;通过降低或抑制霉菌孢子的产生与萌发,阻断其繁殖;线粒体膜发生电势超级化,TCA循环关键酶活性被抑制,氧化还原反应系统被破坏;抑制ATP的合成和呼吸酶的活性,能量代谢异常;干扰DNA、RNA正常合成或加速RNA降解。