Biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes of Mesoamerica: Past, present and future

Mesoamerica provides a unique context for biodiversity conservation in managed landscapes because of its geography, history of human intervention, and present conservation and development initiatives. The long and narrow form of the Mesoamerican landmass, and its division by a central mountain range, has served as both a bridge and a barrier. Conservation efforts in Mesoamerica are unique for the emphasis they place on regional connectivity through the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor and on biodiversity conservation in managed landscapes. The emphasis on conservation in agricultural systems has fostered innovations in payment for ecosystem services, and provides novel insights on the functional role that biodiversity plays in the provisioning of ecosystem services. The increasing rate of economic development in the region and the advent of new payment for ecosystem service schemes have provided new opportunities for forest regeneration and restoration. However, the small scale of private landholdings and the diversity of land uses featured in the region, while contributing to biodiversity conservation due to their structural and floristic complexity, present challenges for biodiversity monitoring and management.     

电子商务安全体系研究

随着Internet的发展,电子商务已经逐渐成为人们进行商务活动的新模式,建立一个安全便捷的电子商务环境,对信息提供足够的保护十分重要.针对这个问题,介绍了电子商务面临的安全威胁,对比分析了电子商务网上支付安全策略,探讨了电子商务安全体系的关键安全技术问题.     

新型农村合作医疗支付方式研究

从理论上分析了新型农村合作医疗制度目前按项目付费的支付方式下,医方的道德风险是导致医疗费用的不合理增长的根源。并结合目前医疗支付改革实践存在的问题,提出了多元支付方式改革的思路。     

新型农村社会养老保险试点的调查研究——以安徽省蒙城县为例

通过问卷调查、深度访谈等方式，对蒙城县新型农村社会养老保险试点工作状况进行了调查研究，主要涉及农民参保积极性、参保率和缴费档次选择等内容，分析了存在的问题及原因，提出了加大政策的宣传力度、制定合理的激励机制、切实做好农民的增产创收等对策建议。     

Native trees and shrubs for the productive rehabilitation of tropical cattle ranching lands

Extensive cattle production currently occupies more than 27% of the rural landscapes in Latin America, and continues to expand. This activity, deeply rooted in the culture and rural economy of the region, requires an urgent transformation if it is to become both more efficient and environmentally friendly. Silvopastoral systems that incorporate native trees and shrubs are instrumental for the productive rehabilitation of cattle production and for biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. We discuss research progress and adoption of intensive silvopastoral systems in Colombia and Mexico. Intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS) are a sustainable form of agroforestry for livestock production that combines fodder shrubs planted at high densities (more than 10,000 plants ha⁻¹), trees and palms, and improved pastures. High stocking and the natural production of milk and meat in these systems are achieved through rotational grazing with electric fencing and a permanent supply of water for the cattle. While milk and meat production and cattle reproduction are enhanced, production costs decline as external inputs are replaced by natural processes related to fertility and biological control. We also discuss the importance of the ISS with native trees for climate change adaptation and mitigation, the barriers for their adoption, and how these have been successfully addressed using payment for environmental services, special credits and technical assistance. Finally, we highlight the need for enhancing landscape connectivity by integrating SPS to conservation corridors with native species to promote biodiversity conservation and other environmental services demanded by society.     

Emergy assessment of a coffee farm in Brazilian Cerrado considering in a broad form the environmental services, negative externalities and fair price

A new way of thinking about conservation is represented by the preservation of native areas and the payment for their environmental services. In the present study emergy synthesis was applied to assess the environmental performance of a coffee farm located in Coromandel, Minas Gerais, in the Brazilian Cerrado. The farm produces green coffee for exportation, and holds an area with native vegetation of 80 ha, larger than that required by Brazilian legislation. The assessment of the native area within the farm was carried out in order to determine its environmental sustainability. The emergy ternary diagram was employed to interpret the results, which show that a farm with 54 ha of productive area must be matched with 200 ha of native vegetation for medium term sustainability. The Cerrado’s farm production is primarily for export, and an evaluation of the environment and economic changes with respect to importing countries was performed. Emergy synthesis is proposed to calculate the price of environmental services balancing trades in the international market. A discussion of the problem of assigning payments for environmental services is presented.     

商业人身保险与社会保险的协调发展问题探讨

随着我国社会保障体系的不断改革和发展,社会保险已经成为保障劳动者的重要手段.一国社会保障制度的完善程度与其经济发展水平呈正相关关系,因受经济发展水平的制约,我国目前的社会保障制度无论是覆盖率还是保障程度都相对落后,所以我国社会保障制度的现状显然是与社会经济发展的保障需求不对称的.商业人身保险可以充分发挥其机动灵活、富于效率的特点,弥补社会保障的不足.     

我国贫困地区农业保险现状、需求及发展对策——以甘肃省岷县为例

通过对甘肃省岷县农户的实地调查,对当地农业保险发展现状进行了分析和探讨,发现农业保险在贫困地区存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的发展对策。     

电子商务安全体系研究

随着Internet的发展,电子商务已经逐渐成为人们进行商务活动的新模式,建立一个安全便捷的电子商务环境,对信息提供足够的保护十分重要。针对这个问题,介绍了电子商务面临的安全威胁,对比分析了电子商务网上支付安全策略,探讨了电子商务安全体系的关键安全技术问题。