不同地被物处理方式对红壤坡地养分状况的影响

选择3种不同水保措施的径流小区,即百喜草(Paspalum natatu)全园覆盖处理、全园敷盖处理和全园裸露处理,分析和测定了不同坡位和深度土层中土壤有机质、全N和全P空间异质性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)有机质含量随着土层增加整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,在自上而下坡面上,有机质含量全园覆盖区无明显变化,全园敷盖区有递增趋势,全园裸露区则先增加后减少;(2)全N含量随着深度加深均呈下降趋势,各处理间无显著性差异。在坡面上,全N含量大小为:全园覆盖区全园敷盖区全园裸露区,且全园敷盖处理在坡面中部有富集作用,全园覆盖和全园裸露处理自上而下呈下降趋势;(3)全P含量随着土层加深,全园覆盖区逐渐减少,全园敷盖区和全园裸露区先增加后减少。在坡面上,全P含量大小为:全园敷盖区全园覆盖区全园裸露区,且在坡面中部有富集作用。该研究可为亚热带地区红壤坡地养分恢复途径提供科学依据。     

果园种植百喜草效益分析

根据百喜草的生物学特征特性，将其种植于果园，并与常年种植的黄花菜和花生对比试验，结果表明：百喜草能迅速生长并覆盖地面，保土、抗旱、防涝的效果明显，同时能增加土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾的含量，改善果树的生长条件提高产量。     

百喜草人工植被对坡面径流的影响

  为研究百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)及其凋落物水源涵养作用,采用土壤水分渗漏装置进行试验,得到不同处理的地表和土壤径流深。结果表明:不同处理小区的径流组成有很大差异,A(百喜草覆盖处理小区)、B(百喜草敷盖处理小区)、C(裸露对照处理小区)各处理的总径流深分别为1245.24、1453.81和1383.23mm,其中,地表径流深分别为24.46、50.2和592.07 mm,土壤径流深分别为1220.78、1403.61和791.16mm;A、B、C各处理的地表径流深与降雨量拟合最优经验方程均为二次抛物线型方程,相关系数分别为0.933、0.861和0.810,方程均达极显著性相关;方差分析结果显示,不同处理的地表径流深存在显著性差异。     

几个草种的水土保持效应研究

依据前期研究成果,在红壤坡地果园内全园覆盖百喜草(Paspalum notatum Fliigge)可以取得良好的水土保持效果。本研究通过标准径流小区翔实的观测数据,通过对百喜草、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、宽叶雀稗草(Paspalum wettsteinii Hackel)3个草种进行全园覆盖与带状覆盖下的水土保持效应试验,得知3个草种均能有效地遏制水土流失,特别是百喜草水土保持保效应最优。     

海雀稗对镉胁迫的生理响应及积累特性

为研究海雀稗对锅胁迫的生理响应及其镉积累特性,本研究采用土培法对海雀稗进行镉胁迫,探究了不同镉浓度对海雀稗生长、根系活力、叶片膜透性、膜脂过氧化、保护酶活性以及镉积累的影响.结果表明,镉浓度＞50.00 mg/kg时,随镉浓度增加,CAT活性显著下降,SOD与CAT的协同作用降低,MDA大量积累和根活力下降,植物生长受到抑制;镉浓度为0～50.00 mg/kg时,海雀稗根系活力未显著下降,保护酶活性(SOD、CAT)增强,MDA积累量和细胞膜透性未明显增加,植物受镉毒害较小.海雀稗根系对镉具有极强的富集能力,镉浓度为200.00 mg/kg时,其地上部分和地下部分镉含量分别为39.15 mg/kg和1 097.38mg/lg.说明海雀稗对镉胁迫(0～50.00 mg/kg)能做出有效反应,并正常生长,可以作为修复土壤镉污染的备选种植植物.     

酸、Cd胁迫对宽叶雀稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及亚细胞结构的影响

为研究宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)对酸和Cd胁迫可能存在的特殊响应策略,以宽叶雀稗种子为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸法,设置不同酸(pH为5.5、4.5、3.5)和Cd(5、10、20 mg·L-1)胁迫浓度,测定不同胁迫条件下宽叶雀稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及亚细胞结构等指标。结果表明:酸胁迫对宽叶雀稗种子发芽率具有促进作用,其中pH 4.5具有显著促进作用;pH 3.5处理对宽叶雀稗种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长和生物量等指标具有抑制作用,其他酸胁迫处理则与对照(纯水处理)无显著差异(P0.05);Cd胁迫条件下宽叶雀稗的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均与对照无显著差异(P0.05),活力指数、芽长、根长和生物量均随Cd胁迫浓度的增加呈显著降低趋势(P0.05);pH 3.5和10 mg·L-1Cd胁迫均会对根尖质膜和芽的亚细胞结构造成严重损伤,出现淀粉粒肿胀、断裂,细胞器解体和细胞空泡化等现象。研究表明,宽叶雀稗种子对酸和Cd胁迫有一定的耐性,轻度胁迫会促进种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

不同草种对土著AM真菌的生长和群落结构的影响

以果园生草栽培为背景,果园土壤中土著AM真菌为研究对象,考察了柱花草、百喜草和藿香蓟对与之根系共生的AM真菌的生长与群落结构的影响。结果表明,柱花草根系的侵染率(62.2%)显著高于百喜草(36.5%)和藿香蓟(37.3%),丛枝率有相似的趋势;3种草地上部的生物量和含磷量没有差异,但是柱花草根系含磷量显著高于百喜草和藿香蓟;柱花草根际土壤中AM真菌的菌种丰度和菌丝密度均小于百喜草和藿香蓟,但是孢子密度大于藿香蓟而小于百喜草;藿香蓟根际土著AM真菌群落的多样性指数略高于柱花草和百喜草;PCR-DGGE分析结果与之吻合。试验表明,在果园土壤中,不同草种根际的土著AM真菌群落结构并不相同,在选择草种进行生草栽培的过程中应该考虑这些不同。     

Sheep performance under intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum notatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Axonopus compressus</Emphasis> in the subtropical region of the Highlands of Central Mexico

Liveweight gain was evaluated in tropical Dorper X Pelibuey lambs under intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands dominated by Paspalum notatum (PN) or Axonopus compressus (AC) in the subtropics of Central Mexico. Two trials were undertaken. Trial 1 lasted 12 weeks with 10 lambs (initial weight 18 +/- 2.57 kg, 3 months old) per treatment in 2002, and Trial 2 for 13 weeks with 8 lambs (initial weight 24.0 +/- 2.0 kg, 4 months old) per treatment. Lambs were weighed once per week, and liveweight change was estimated by linear regression over day of the experiment, using individual regression coefficients as unbiased estimates of daily liveweight change; analysed in a random block design. Lambs on Trial 1 gained 0.061 kg/lamb/day on PN and 0.047 kg/lamb/day on AC (P > 0.05) at an overall mean stocking rate of 25 lambs/ha. In Trial 2, liveweight gain was significantly larger in PN (0.060 kg/lamb/day) than on AC (0.043 kg/lamb/day) (P < 0.05), at a mean stocking rate of 21.5 lambs/ha. It is concluded that intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands in the subtropics of the highlands of Central Mexico enables moderate liveweight gains for weaned lambs during the rainy season; with better results in grasslands dominated by Paspalum notatum.     

Feulgen-DNA densitometry of embryo sacs permits discrimination between sexual and apomictic plants in Paspalum simplex

The chromosomes of sexual diploid plants of Paspalum simplex were colchicine-doubled and the plant obtained were crossed with their aposporous natural tetraploid counterparts to generate a F1 population segregating for apomixis. Analysis of the DNA content during megagametogenesis indicated that although the nuclei of nucellus and developing embryo sacs were in both the G1 and G2 phases, polar nuclei and egg cells of mature embryo sacs tended to remain in the G1 phase. Because both meiotic and aposporous mature embryo sacs are of the 8-nucleated-type in P. simplex and are barely distinguishable, nuclear DNA content of polar nuclei was used to distinguish apomictic and sexual phenotypes and confirmation obtained by progeny testing. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols

Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.