Comparative studies of acetylcholinesterases purified from two field populations of the oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis): implications of insecticide resistance

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was purified by affinity chromatography from two populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), collected from Huanghua and Pingshan Counties, Hebei Province of China. The purification factors and yields were 1661-fold and 19.3%, respectively, for the Huanghua population, and 3897-fold and 39.6% for the Pingshan population. Both the purification factor and yield were significantly lower in the Huanghua population than in the Pingshan population. AChE activity was almost completely inhibited by 10⁻⁶ M eserine and BW284C51, but ?5.8% of AChE activity was inhibited by ethopropazine at the same concentration, suggesting that purified AChE from either population was a typical insect AChE. However, AChE purified from the Huanghua population was 62-, 2.0-, and 1.6-fold less sensitive to inhibition by the three organophosphate compounds, chlorpyrifos oxon, demeton-S-methyl, and paraoxon, respectively, than that from the Pingshan population. Significantly lower purification factor and low yield associated with reduced sensitivity of AChE to inhibition by the organophosphates indicated that AChE purified from the Huanghua population was biochemically and pharmacologically different from that of the Pingshan population. Reduced sensitivity of AChE appeared to contribute to organophosphate resistance in the locust from Huanghua County, where insecticides have commonly been used to manage outbreaks of the locust.     

东方百合鳞茎快速增长的组培体系研究

以东方百合栽培品种‘Sorbonne’和‘Siberia’的组培苗为试验材料,研究了蔗糖、6-BA、IAA、PP333及活性炭（AC）的添加浓度对组培苗小鳞茎增重和直径生长的影响;结果表明：80g／L蔗糖浓度有利于‘Sorbonne’和‘Siberia’组培苗小鳞茎增重;6-BA浓度为0．2mg／L、IAA浓度为0．5和1．0mg／L时‘Sorbonne’和‘Siberia’组培苗小鳞茎平均直径增加最大,分别为120．7％和138．0％;PP333浓度达3．2mg／L和1．6mg／L时,‘Sorbonne’和‘Siberia’的组培苗小鳞茎平均直径增加最大,分别达到505．7％和211．3％;AC浓度达到2．0g／L时‘Sorbonne’试管苗小鳞茎平均直径增加最大,浓度达到4．0g／L‘Siberia’组培苗小鳞茎平均直径增加最大,分别为194．7％和220．3％。     

栗鸮繁殖习性的观察

2002年3月至7月,在海南大田国家级自然保护区对一对栗鸮的繁殖习性进行了观察。结果表明：这对栗鸮最早在3月23日产卵,窝卵数4枚,卵的受精率为75．00％,4月末至5月初出壳,孵卵期36～42d,受精卵的孵化率及雏鸟的成活率均为100．00％,雏鸟生长迅速。孵卵和育雏由雌雄鸟共同完成,亲鸟护卵性极强,随着雏鸟的长大。亲鸟暖雏和护雏的时间逐渐减少。栗鸮的食物主要是啮齿类、蜥蜴类和蛙类,还包括一些鸟类和昆虫。     

中国屏腹茧蜂属订正附二新种记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科：屏腹茧蜂亚科）

屏腹茧蜂属ｓｉｇａｌｐｈｕｓＬａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ是茧蜂科中的一个小属，种类稀少，标本不易采到。本文对该属的中国种类作了订正研究。中国过去虽已记述过４种，但现经研究发现，其中Ｓ．ａｎｏｍｉｓＹｏｕｅｔＺｈｏｕ，１９９１和Ｓ．ｎｌｇｒｉｐｅｓＨｅｅｔＣｈｅｎ，１９９３均为Ｓ．ｈｕｎａｕｎｓＹｏｕｅｔＴｏｎｇ，１９９１的同物异名，因此，实存２种；本文另添２个新种：Ｓ．ｇｙｒｏｄｏｎｔｕｓＨｅｅｔＣｈｅｎ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和Ｓ．ｒｕｆｉａｂｄｏｍｉｎａｌｉｓＨｅｅｔＣｈｅｎ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．所以，目前本属的中国种类共有４种。另外，Ｓ．ｈｕｎａｎｕｓＹｏｕｅｔＴｏｎｇ和Ｓ．ｇｙｒｏｄｏｎｔｕｓＨｅｅｔＣｈｅｎ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．为本属在东洋区的首次记录。     

李杏混栽园食心虫种类及其种群动态调查

以辽宁省果树科学研究所李杏资源圃为研究对象,利用4种食心虫的性诱剂,诱捕调查圃内食心虫发生种类及其种群消长动态。结果表明,李杏资源圃食心虫发生种类有梨小食心虫、李小食心虫、桃小食心虫和桃蛀螟4种,优势种群为梨小食心虫和李小食心虫。梨小食心虫后期蛾量高峰与低谷难以准确界定,世代重叠现象严重;李小食心虫一年有3个发生高峰期;桃小食心虫一年有2个发生高峰期。桃蛀螟全年只诱到3头成虫,可以忽略不计。     

Foliar nematode,Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii,population dynamics in leaves and buds of beech leaf disease‐affected trees in Canada and the US

A foliar nematode, Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii, is associated with beech leaf disease (BLD) symptoms. Information about the types of tissues parasitized and how nematode populations fluctuate in these tissues over time is needed to improve surveys as well as understand the nematodes role in BLD. During this study, the nematode was detected throughout the known range of BLD by researchers at both Canadian and US institutions using a modified pan method to extract nematodes. Monthly collections of symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves during the growing season (May–October), and leaves and buds between growing seasons (November–March), revealed that nematodes were present in all tissue types. Progressively larger numbers of nematodes were detected in symptomatic leaves from Ohio and Ontario, with the greatest detections at the end of the growing season. Smaller numbers of nematodes were detected in asymptomatic leaves from BLD‐infected trees, typically at the end of the growing season. The nematode was detected overwintering in buds and detached leaves. The discovery of small numbers of nematodes in detached leaves at one location before BLD was detected indicates that nematodes may have been present before disease symptoms were expressed. Other nematodes, Plectus and Aphelenchoides spp., were infrequently detected in small numbers. Our findings support the involvement of the nematode in BLD and indicate that symptoms develop only when certain requirements, such as infection of buds, are met. We also found that the nematode can be reliably detected in buds and leaves using the modified pan extraction method.     

黄河三角洲东亚飞蝗夏蝗发生的气象预测模型

利用黄河三角洲地区5个重点沿海蝗区1983-2008年东亚飞蝗夏蝗的调查资料和相应的气象资料,分别对飞蝗发生期、发生量与主要气象因子进行相关分析并组建回归预测模型。结果表明,夏蝗出土始期和出土盛期均与上年9月和当年2月的降水量呈显著的负相关关系,但方程系数不同;在发生量预测中,夏蝗发生密度与4月平均气温和2月降水量呈显著负相关,发生面积与3月和上年8月的平均气温呈显著正相关、与上年9月降水量呈显著负相关。利用历史资料对预测模型进行回代检验,模拟值的平均相对准确率达90.2%,可以满足实际需求。     

不同饲料配方对梨小食心虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

为筛选出适合饲养梨小食心虫的最佳饲料配方,设计了4种不同的人工饲料配方,于26±0.5℃,RH 70%±10%,光照周期15L∶9D,光照强度4800 lx的ZPQ-280B型人工气候箱中,研究了不同饲料配方对梨小食心虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,供试4种人工饲料中,配方1(玉米粉75 g、大豆粉75 g、酵母粉30 g、番茄酱198 g、抗坏血酸3 g、胆固醇0.1 g、山梨酸1 g、尼泊金甲酯2 g、琼脂14 g和蒸馏水700 g)的饲养效果最好,用配方1饲养梨小食心虫,其发育历期最短,幼虫至成虫阶段的发育历期为21.09 d;存活率最高,幼虫-成虫阶段的存活率为88.86%;单雌产卵量最多,为50.1粒.♀-1。配方1可用于梨小食心虫的大量人工饲养。     

柑橘园柑橘小实蝇入侵扩散规律与危害动态模型研究

为了探索柑橘小实蝇入侵扩散与危害规律,提高其监测与防控水平,2008—2010年应用柑橘小实蝇专用性诱剂和诱捕器,在全市19个镇(街道)35个柑橘园建立监测点进行全市性入侵扩散分布普查;在古城伏龙柑橘园和市区水果市场,建立2个系统监测点开展全年种群数量消长监测,结果表明柑橘小实蝇种群入侵扩散与时空分布呈塔型趋势,即以城区为中心,并呈向周边区域扩散蔓延趋势;全年种群时序数量变化主要呈单峰型曲线变化,一般于6月中下旬至7月上中旬初见性诱成虫,8月上旬形成增长拐点,9—10月形成数量高峰,影响种群数量消长的主要因子有种群基数、气候和生境条件等,从而创建柑橘小实蝇基数(m6)与全年种群诱量(M)关系模型M=23.8339m6+59.8003(n=6,r=0.9735**)、当旬虫口密度(mn)与其前3个月的旬平均气温(tn-9)关系模型mn=1.9248tn-9-14.88063(n=72,r=0.5123**),以及柑橘挂果期成虫诱量(M)、有虫株率(R%)、有虫果率(P%)、每虫果幼虫量(N)等关系模型:R=0.3667M-1.2746(n=11,r=0.8901**);P=0.0581R+0.3112(n=11...     

亚洲百合与东方百合远缘杂交亲和性

为得到花色丰富、带有芳香气味、抗性强的OA或AO(O为东方百合杂种系,A为亚洲百合杂种系)型优势杂种,采用常规杂交和切割柱头的方法进行杂交,结果 AO型的22个组合,仅有亚洲百合‘Pollyanna’×东方百合‘Sambuca’这一组合得到了4个膨大的蒴果和40粒有胚种子,结实率为0.27%;85个LA(LA为Longiflorum hybrids×Asiatic hybrids的杂交后代)×O型组合均未得到完全膨大的果实和有胚种子;而21个OA型组合,有7个组合得到了膨大的蒴果及有胚种子。采用切割柱头的方法也未提高结实率,说明其没能有效克服其远缘杂交的障碍。通过花粉管荧光显微观察发现,亚洲百合和东方百合花粉几乎均能在母本的柱头上萌发,并沿着花柱道伸长生长,最终达到子房进入胚珠,说明AO型或OA型远缘杂交的受精障碍主要为受精后障碍。