Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

根际生命共同体：协调资源、环境和粮食安全的学术思路与交叉创新

植物营养学研究近年来在植物养分高效分子机理、植物-微生物互作、根际互作与微生态调控、农田养分管理等研究领域取得了一系列原创性进展。然而,当前如何协调粮食安全、资源高效和环境可持续性仍面临巨大挑战。针对这一重大问题,本文提出"根际生命共同体(Rhizobiont)"学术思路,围绕"根际互作与养分高效"这一重大科学命题,构建"植物-根系-根际-菌丝际-土体及其微生物"根际生命共同体理论体系,突破植物-微生物、微生物-微生物关键界面互作机制,阐明根际生命共同体结构、功能及其在养分活化、吸收与利用中的作用机制,建立共同体多界面互作增效的生物学调控新途径,开辟植物-土壤-微生物交叉创新领域,根际生命共同体理论创新有助于破解粮食安全、资源高效、环境保护多目标协同的难题,支撑我国农业绿色发展。文章指出了根际生命共同体与养分高效研究的重点方向与内容,尤其是深入揭示和调控植物第二基因组——微生物组的作用正成为农业科学的研究前沿。     

基于PLSR-BP复合模型的红壤有机质含量反演研究

对红壤地区土壤有机质进行快速预测,以满足智慧农业与精准施肥的需要。以江西省奉新县北部为研究区域,采用1 km×1 km标准格网划分研究区进行采样,共得到红壤样本248个。对土壤光谱进行了包含分数阶导数在内的3种数学变换方法,将经过P=0.01显著性检验的波段用于模型的构建,选用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和BP神经网络建立土壤有机质含量预测模型。结果表明:当对红壤光谱数据进行1.5阶导数变换后再使用PLSR-BP复合模型对土壤有机质含量进行预测时的结果为最优,训练集R²=0.89,RMSE=4.68g·kg^-1,验证集R²=0.87,RMSE=5.55g·kg^-1,RPD=2.75。1.5阶导数对红壤光谱数据的变换能够更好地突出与有机质相关的特征信息,有助于其含量预测。PLSR-BP复合模型预测精度优于单一模型,能够较好地预测红壤有机质含量,为精准农业快速监测红壤有机质含量提供了新的途径。     

永丰县木本粮食植物资源

介绍永丰县山林中木本粮食植物资源。     

基于强化推流工艺(PFR)的餐厨垃圾堆肥微生物群落结构解析

传统餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥周期长,系统难以稳定连续运行,其中反应器构型和微生物在其处理过程中起到关键作用,但是目前对实际运行条件下的反应器内微生物群落结构的研究较少。通过分析实际运行项目中微生物的多样性与群落结构,为进一步优化餐厨垃圾处理工艺,促进PFR反应器系统的稳定和高效运行,挖掘特定功能微生物,提高资源利用效率提供科学依据。该研究采集德清县11个项目的出料样品,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,研究其菌群组成、丰度、优势菌群及其相关性。结果表明:1)11个项目的微生物群落组成相似,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是相对丰度最高的2个菌门,优势菌属为微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium)乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus),柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas); 2)底物越丰富,进料量越小,越有利于出料的品质; 3)出料感官品质高,微生物多样性也较高; 4)在OTU水平上,葡萄球菌属与芽孢杆菌属、根瘤菌属均呈负相关,葡萄球菌的迅速增殖抑制了对发酵...     

西汉时期西北地区农业开发的自然灾害背景

西汉时期是中国历史上西北开发的关键时期,尤其是汉武帝一朝,西北开发功勋卓著。在西汉时期大规模开发西北的决策过程中,政治、经济、军事等方面的因素发挥了重要的影响作用,但是自然灾害对西北开发的影响作用也不容忽视。西汉时期严峻的灾害形势对关中和山东农区造成了重大破坏作用,国家粮食安全岌岌可危。出于化解灾害风险的现实需要,西汉王朝不得不以战争的手段解决北部匈奴问题,依靠农业生产扩大西北地区耕地面积,移民实边。经过两百年的刻苦经营,西汉时期终于奠定了西北农业生产的基本格局,关中、河套、河西、河湟主要农业生产区全面形成,中国传统农业阶段第一个人口高峰出现并维持了一千多年之久。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

转基因食品的检测方法

目前，世界各国对转基因食品的检测主要从外源DNA和蛋白两种生物大分子入手，所广泛采用的方法有聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、生物芯片技术（Biochips)、酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）和侧流技术（Lateral Flow)。本文综述了各种方法的原理以及这些方法用于检测转基因食品时的优缺点。     

温度和食物种类对红褐斑腿蝗取食、生长及肠道消化酶活性的影响

在实验室不同温度(10、25、35℃)下,比较茶叶和小麦苗对红褐斑腿蝗Catantops pinguis取食利用能力的影响及其与蝗虫肠道消化酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,温度对蝗虫的日均取食量、相对生长率影响极显著,均表现为35℃>25℃>10℃,对日均绝对增重(干重)的影响趋势与此相同,但各处理温度间差异不显著,对消化酶活性影响显著,总体表现为高温时活性大于低温,但不同的水解酶表现各不相同。食物种类对近似消化力影响不大,但对小麦苗的取食量极显著高于对茶叶的取食量;三个处理温度下日均绝对增重均以小麦苗为食时高于以茶叶为食,但差异不显著,以小麦苗为食时相对生长率极显著高于以茶叶为食,显示食物对相对生长率影响显著;取食小麦苗时肠道消化酶活力极显著高于以茶叶为食,只有类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力差异不显著。     

浅析现阶段农业有机废弃物利用存在的问题

简要分析利用有机废弃物的意义,提出我国现阶段农业有机废弃物利用方面存在的问题,并对相关解决途径提出建议。