发菜形态特征及其与环境因子的关系

通过野外调查和室内观察分析 ,天然发菜原植体的形态主要有柱状和带状两种 ;群体形态有单丝体、团块状、辫状、束状和网状。原植体的形态特征受环境湿度的影响较大 ,在降水量较大的地区 ,发菜原植体增粗 ,直径在 0 .0 5～ 0 .2 5 mm之间 ,带状发菜的比例较大 ,占 30～ 60 % ,吸水后藻体的颜色一般呈棕褐色 ;在降水量较小或极端干旱地区 ,发菜以细丝状为主 ,直径在 0 .0 2～ 0 .2 2 mm之间 ,带状发菜的比例不足 2 5 % ,吸水后藻体的颜色呈绿色或浅棕褐色。发菜群体形态的形成和发育与自身的生长特性有关外 ,主要与环境因子特别是降雨量、地形及自然外力 (地面径流和空气流动 )有关。     

Dietary habits of grazers influence their suitability as biological controls of fouling macroalgae in ex situ mariculture

The dietary habits of the sea urchin Salmacis sphaeroides and the gastropod Trochus maculatus in ex situ mariculture were examined. Fouling algal assemblages on terracotta tiles were exposed to the grazers and compared. Except for Day 0, the assemblages on Days 2, 13 and 27 differed significantly across treatments. S. sphaeroides rapidly consumed most algae, leaving an assemblage dominated by turf algae and bare tile. T. maculatus primarily fed on green filamentous algae, resulting in an even distribution of other algal functional groups, while control tiles were dominated by green filamentous algae. Using three representative fouling algae species (Bryopsis corymbosa, Hypnea spinella and Lobophora variegata), the consumption rates of both grazers and dietary preferences of S. sphaeroides were examined through a single‐diet and a choice experiment respectively. The single‐diet experiment revealed differential algal consumption rates for S. sphaeroides (H. spinella = B. corymbosa > L. variegata) and T. maculatus (B. corymbosa > H. spinella = L. variegata). The choice experiment showed that S. sphaeroides preferred H. spinella over the other two species. These experiments highlighted the importance of understanding the dietary habits of grazers as this has direct implications on their effectiveness as biological controls of fouling macroalgae in mariculture.     

红假单胞菌利用畜禽粪便产氢能力的试验研究

研究了红假单胞菌(Rhodobactersphaeroides)1 1737菌株利用猪粪产氢的能力及对猪粪的处理效果.结果表明,红假单胞菌能很好地利用猪粪生长并具有很高的产氢活性,猪粪污水COD为5687,3500,1214mg·L-1时的体积产氢率分别为23 7,18 5,15.0mL·L-1·d-1,产氢结束后COD值分别降至3586,2135,723mg·L-1.     

甘薯淀粉废水培养类球红细菌条件优化

类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)作为微生态制剂的生产菌种之一,具有广泛的应用价值。甘薯淀粉废水是不含有毒物质的高浓度有机废水,能够提供类球红细菌生长所需的营养物质。单因素实验表明,培养因素中甘薯淀粉废水的浓度、pH和温度为主要影响因子。正交试验优化后最佳培养条件为:甘薯淀粉废水稀释度60%,pH值7.0、温度35℃、接种量7.5%、转速200 r/min,此条件下,24 h类球红细菌浓度达6.7×109CFU/mL,与LB培养液(6.9×109CFU/mL)无显著差异,表明用甘薯淀粉废水培养类球红细菌是一种废水资源化利用的可行途径。     

适宜地木耳生长的生态环境和土壤养分分析

地木耳适宜生长于通风良好、水分充足但不渍水的地方;地木耳对土壤质地没有特别要求,土壤酸碱度一般为中性至酸性,有机质含量高;其生长与土壤速效磷、钾含量的关系不显著。     

Glycosylated Porphyra-334 and Palythine-Threonine from the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble UV-absorbing pigments, and structurally different MAAs have been identified in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. In this study novel glycosylated MAAs were found in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune (N. commune). An MAA with an absorption maximum at 334 nm was identified as a hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative with a molecular mass of 508 Da. Another MAA with an absorption maximum at 322 nm was identified as a two hexose-bound palythine-threonine derivative with a molecular mass of 612 Da. These purified MAAs have radical scavenging activities in vitro, which suggests multifunctional roles as sunscreens and antioxidants. The 612-Da MAA accounted for approximately 60% of the total MAAs and contributed approximately 20% of the total radical scavenging activities in a water extract, indicating that it is the major water-soluble UV-protectant and radical scavenger component. The hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative and the glycosylated palythine-threonine derivatives were found in a specific genotype of N. commune, suggesting that glycosylated MAA patterns could be a chemotaxonomic marker for the characterization of the morphologically indistinguishable N. commune. The glycosylation of porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine in N. commune suggests a unique adaptation for terrestrial environments that are drastically fluctuating in comparison to stable aquatic environments.     

室内培养发菜的营养条件和腐烂分析

[目的]探索合适室内培养发菜的营养条件和菜腐烂的原因,有助于发菜培养技术的完善.[方法]配制14种不同的营养液,在室内开放环境内培养发菜;通过对发菜表面粘附微生物的分离和培养,观察并统计菌落数.[结果]培养21 d出现发菜不同程度腐烂现象,其中发菜原产地土壤浸提液组、原产地羊粪浸提液组中发菜生物量的损失最少;发菜表面分离物培养后,有6～7个菌落,从外形看,初步分为两种;彻底除菌后的发菜藻丝体可放置(28℃)到14 d而不腐烂.[结论]羊粪浸提液和发菜原产地土壤提取液有助于发菜生物量的维持;发菜腐烂与湿热条件下的表面微生物的生长密切相关;控制每1～2d给水一次的供水节律有利于发菜生命力的维持.     

地木耳提取物对几种常见微生物的抑菌研究

采用滤纸扩散法研究了地木耳提取物对五种常见微生物的抑菌作用,以及温度、pH值、紫外光等因素对其抑菌活性的影响。结果表明:地木耳提取物对大肠杆菌、啤酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌和粘质沙雷细菌五种常见微生物具有较好的抑制作用,其最小抑菌质量浓度为1.5~1 mg/mL,但与常用防腐剂柠檬酸的抑菌效果相比较差一些;地木耳提取物分别在121℃高温、紫外光照射5~25 min以及pH5.5~7.5的条件下,对大肠杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌仍具有较好的抑菌效果。     

Laboratory Assessment of Nostoc 9v (Cyanobacteria) Effects on N2 Fixation and Chemical Fertility of Degraded African Soils

The potential of Nostoc 9v for improving the nitrogen (N)₂–fixing capacity and nutrient status of semi‐arid soils from Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and South Africa was studied in a laboratory experiment. Nostoc 9v was inoculated on nonsterilized and sterilized soils. Inoculum rates were 2.5 mg dry biomass g^?1 soil and 5 mg dry biomass g^?1 soil. The soils were incubated for 3 months at 27 °C under 22 W m² illumination with a photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h dark. The moisture was maintained at 60% of field capacity. In all soils, Nostoc 9v proliferated and colonized the soil surfaces very quickly and was tolerant to acidity and low nutrient availability. Cyanobacteria promoted soil N₂ fixation and had a pronounced effect on total soil organic carbon (SOC), which increased by 30–100%. Total N also increased, but the enrichment was, in most soils, comparatively lower than for carbon (C). Nitrate and ammonium concentrations, in contrast, decreased in all the soils studied. Increases in the concentration of available macronutrients were produced in most soils and treatments, ranging from 3 to 20 mg phosphorus (P) kg^?1 soil, from 5 to 58 mg potassium (K) kg^?1 soil, from 4 to 285 mg calcium (Ca) kg^?1, and from 12 to 90 mg magnesium (Mg) kg^?1 soil. Positive effects on the levels of available manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were also observed.     

A comparison of physical properties, oxalate-oxalic acid soluble substances, protein content, and in vitro protein digestibility of the blue-green algaNostoc commune Vauch. from the Philippines and Japan

The physical properties, amount of oxalate-oxalic acid soluble substances (OOSS), protein and in vitro protein digestibility ofNostoc commune from the Philippines and Japan were determined. The samples were the spherical type from the Philippines (PS), the dry field discoid type from the Philippines (PD), and the dry field discoid type from Japan (JD). The discoid types, PD and JD, regardless of origin showed higher settling volume in water (SV) and bulk density than PS. The OOSS values obtained for all samples were directly related to SV and bulk density. The WHC level was highest in PS. This desirable characteristic makes PS a technologically potential sample for large-scale food production applications in the future. Protein and in vitro protein digestibility varied significantly among all samples. In general, the algal samples examined posses desirable physical properties which are expected to be related to physiological functions.