三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)几丁质酶PtCht3基因克隆鉴定及表达分析

为初步研究三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)几丁质酶PtCht3的生物学功能,利用特异性引物扩增和SMARTTM RACE技术克隆获得三疣梭子蟹PtCht3基因全长cDNA序列,并对该序列进行分析.结果显示,三疣梭子蟹PtCht3基因全长为1409 bp,对PtCht3基因序列推导出的氨基酸序列进行分析可知,该基因编码由394个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,预测分子量为43.67 kDa,理论等电点为4.80.PtCht3蛋白亲水性总平均数为-0.097,属于稳定蛋白.同源性和系统进化分析发现,PtCht3与日本仿长额虾(Pandalopsis japonica)和中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)几丁质酶3的同源性分别为54％和53％,与其他甲壳动物几丁质酶3聚为一支.RT-PCR显示,PtCht3基因具有较强的组织表达特异性,在肝胰腺中的相对表达量最高,在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮前期表达上调,低盐胁迫后在鳃和肝胰腺中表达量出现了波动,总体呈先上升后下降的表达趋势.推测PtCht3可能在三疣梭子蟹消化和蜕皮过程中发挥重要作用,参与三疣梭子蟹渗透压调节进程.本研究为三疣梭子蟹几丁质酶的功能研究提供了重要信息.     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿生长规律及气候生产潜力评估

利用春播两年生紫花苜蓿生长状况和平行气候条件观测资料,分析陇东黄土高原地区紫花苜蓿的生长高度和速率的时间变化规律,千物重和鲜草重与活动积温的相关关系;根据牧草气候生产力的光合产量和温度及降水订正模型,计算紫花苜蓿的气候生产潜力.结果表明:春播当年的开花～枯黄,第二年的显蕾～开花期的生长高度增长量达最大,生长速率在萌芽～分枝、显蕾～开花期达最大;干物重和鲜草重与活动积温在分枝～显蕾期同时达到最大值;水分是陇东紫花苜蓿气候生产潜力的主要限制因子,目前在中北部的黄土丘陵沟壑区尚有较大的气候生产潜力有待利用.     

Effects of different natural or prepared diets on growth and survival of juvenile spider crabs, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maja brachydactyla</Emphasis> (Balss, 1922)

The effects of different diets (natural or pellets) on growth, survival, and moulting interval of juvenile spider crabs, weighing between 0.011–1.56 g and up to 17.6 mm in carapace length, were tested over a period of 90 days. During experiment I, five diets were tested: (1) frozen shrimp—Paleomonetes sp., (2) fresh mussels—Mytilus sp., (3) white fish fillets—Merlucius merlucius, (4) blue fish fillets—Sardina pilchardus, and (5) commercial crustacean pellets. Spider crabs fed fresh mussels grew larger (0.98 ± 0.69 g) and had higher growth rates (4.0 ± 0.7 %BWd⁻¹) compared to the other four diets. The crabs fed shrimp pellet and frozen shrimp grew to intermediate sizes and were smaller than the ones fed fresh mussels, but they were larger than spider crabs fed either blue or white fish fillets (0.46 ± 0.63 and 0.26 ± 0.13 g, respectively) compared to the ones fed white fish fillets (0.12 ± 0.04) and blue fish fillets (0.04 ± 0.02 g). The spider crabs fed blue fish fillets only lasted until day 60 of the experiment, after this day none of the 20 fed this diet were left. During experiment II, two diets were tested: (1) white and blue fish fillets and (2) commercial fish pellet. There were no differences in growth both in weight or carapace length (2.9 ± 1.8 and 2.1 ± 1.5 g in weight, and 18.9 ± 5.0 and 17.7 ± 3.3 mm, respectively) at the end of the experiment. Similarly, there were no differences in growth rates in weight between the two diets (1.2 ± 0.4 and 0.9 ± 0.3 %BWd⁻¹, respectively) or in carapace length (0.4 ± 0.1 and 0.4 ± 0.2 %BWd⁻¹, respectively). Fresh mussel appears to be a very good diet to culture the early stages of this species, while shrimp pellets also deliver acceptable results. On the contrary, frozen shrimp, fish fillets either from blue or white species (much higher lipid content in the blue species), and fish pellets were found to be bad diets for the culture of the early stages of M. brachydactyla.     

家蚕滞育性卵胚胎发育过程中蜕皮激素和保幼激素含量的变化

测定发现,家蚕滞育卵胚胎发育全过程中,蜕皮激素和保幼激素含量的变化辐度较大,保幼激素含量与胚胎发育进程的关系密切,保幼激素含量又与蜕皮激素含量有关。因此认为,虽然蜕皮激素和保幼激素对胚胎滞育性没有决定作用,但蜕皮激素和保幼激素相互拮抗又相互协调,对滞育激素控制的胚胎发育进程起某种调节作用。     

Recovery of reproduction after drought in the soil living Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Soil dwelling (euedaphic) Collembola have evolved to live in soil pores where the atmosphere is saturated with water vapour. Here we show that reproduction in the euedaphic Folsomia candida ceases during drought where soil water potentials are lower than −7 bar (∼99.4% RH). Recovery of the moulting cycle after cessation of drought showed increasing delay with increasing previous drought pressure. However, reproduction was rapidly resumed. Only in F. candida recovering from the most severe drought (−55 bar, 96% RH) was the time lapse between drought and resumed reproduction significantly different from the control (99.4% RH). Furthermore, the final numbers of eggs were unaffected by the degree of drought exposure. Hence, these results suggest that while even very mild drought will stop the reproductive cycle, subsequent recovery is rapid and complete.     

干红葡萄酒发酵过程温度分布研究

运用PSD系列数据记录仪测定在恒温环境下干红葡萄酒发酵过程和发酵罐内3个不同高度平面、半径处9个点的温度。通过研究分析这些测点温度,探测干红葡萄酒在发酵过程中发酵罐内温度的变化规律,得出最高温度出现在表皮和液面交界处,这些规律可为发酵罐的设计以及换热器的放置提供实验依据。     

抗保幼激素与蜕皮激素对蚕生长发育及咽侧体和前胸腺超微形态的影响

4龄期使用抗保幼激素,当龄经过延长,全龄期缩短,并诱导出100％的三眠蚕;5龄后期使用抗保幼激素,全龄经过稍延长,茧质丝质优于对照,巨纤度细。5龄前期使用蜕皮激素全龄期延长,5龄后期使用蜕度激素,则龄期明显缩短,蚕的强健性、茧质、丝质均较差。抗保幼激素处理后咽侧体细胞内有大量的脑神经分泌物,但腺体细胞本身缺少内质网,而处理后的前胸腺则边缘绒毛层明显,具有大型细胞核,线粒体、内质网等细胞器发达。蜕皮激素的作用则相反,处理后前胸腺边缘不规则,内质网不甚发达,合成作用减弱。     

海兰褐父母代母雏鸡羽毛脱换规律观察

[目的]观察蛋用雏鸡羽毛脱换过程,了解羽毛脱换规律,为雏鸡的饲养管理提供参考。[方法]通过观察海兰褐父母代10只母雏(快羽)各个部位绒毛的脱换,了解雏鸡羽毛脱换规律。从雏鸡出壳接入育雏室当天开始,将10只母雏放在1个笼内,每天下午15:00~16:00观察记录每只雏鸡的羽毛脱换情况。[结果]母雏鸡各部位绒毛开始脱换的顺序为:翼部→尾部→胸部两侧→大腿部→背腰部→颈部→腹部正下方→胸部正下方→小腿部→头部→腹部两侧,各部位绒毛结束脱换的顺序为:尾部→翼部→胸部两侧→大腿部→背腰部→腹部正下方→颈部→小腿部→头部→腹部两侧→胸部正下方。[结语]翼部和尾部是最早开始和结束羽毛脱换的部位,体躯部位脱换较晚,雏鸡55日龄完成第一次羽毛脱换过程。     

Efficacy baselines of seven insecticides against larvae of Pandemis heparana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

A diet-incorporation larval bioassay was used to evaluate the response of the leafroller Pandemis heparana (Denis and Schiffermüller) to seven insecticides: tebufenozide (Mimic 23% a.i., Bayer), methoxyfenozide (Prodigy 23% a.i., Bayer), flufenoxuron (Cascade 50 DC 4.7% a.i., BASF), lufenuron (Match 5.32% a.i., Syngenta), indoxacarb (Steward WG 30% a.i., Du Pont), abamectine (Vertimec EC 1.9% a.i., Syngenta) and spinosad (Laser 44.2% a.i., Dow Agro Science). Both neonate and 12-day-old (third to fourth instar) larvae were used in the bioassay. The obtained efficacy baselines were compared with the response of the pest exposed to leaves treated with the same insecticides. The persistence of field-aged leaf residues of the seven insecticides was bioassayed on neonate larvae. Given the obtained LC₅₀ values in the diet-incorporation bioassays larval age was not always a significant factor affecting the response of P. heparana larvae. Differences in LC₅₀ values between neonate and 12-day-old larvae were not statistically significant for abamectine, tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide. Young larvae seemed to be more susceptible than older larvae to spinosad, indoxacarb and lufenuron, while flufenoxuron was more effective against 12-day-old than neonate larvae. When the larvae were exposed to the insecticides on treated leaves, all the tested compounds were less effective on older larvae than on neonates. When applied at the recommended field rates, all seven insecticides can be considered highly effective against both neonate and 12-day-old larvae of P. heparana because their security index (SI = recommended field rate/LC₉₀) always exceeded the threshold value of 1. The high persistence of insect growth inhibitors (IGIs) and moulting accelerating compounds (MACs) in the field compensates for their relatively low SI values. For this reason and given their activity against Cydia pomonella, IGIs and MACs are the most interesting insecticides for spring treatments for the combined control of both species, P. heparana and C. pomonella.