羊肚菌研究进展

综述了近年来羊肚菌营养成分、有效成分，培养技术，以及细胞学、生物化学和分子生物学等方面的研究进展。     

普通羊肚菌密码子偏好性分析

采用CodonW1.4.2软件和CUSP程序,以普通羊肚菌(Morchella conica)全基因组蛋白质编码序列(coding sequence,CDS)为对象,解析了该菌的有效密码子数(effective number of codon,ENC)、密码子3个位点的 GC含量、相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU)和高表达优越密码子。结果表明：普通羊肚菌全基因组密码子第2位密码子的 GC含量明显低于第1位和第3位,第3位密码子与第1位含量差异不大,分别为57.8%和56.8%,RSCU 值大于等于1的密码子总共35个,其中以 G 或 C 结尾的25个,占71.4%,确定了25个高表达优越密码子。     

两株野生羊肚菌的分离与菌丝生长特性比较

采用组织分离法,从野生羊肚菌子实体分离出两株性状稳定的分离株SM1和SM2,对其菌丝在PDA培基上的生长特性进行比较,并从碳源、氮源、温度、pH值等方面,研究菌丝体的培养特性。结果表明:同一培养基上,不同菌株的菌丝生长存在差异;菌丝生长的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳温度为20℃,最佳pH值为7.0。     

草食性鱼种抑制凤眼莲生长的试验

通过严密的设计,在相同规格的16只网箱中,采用草鱼、杂交鱼[草鱼（6）和赤眼鳟（早）杂交繁育的F1]、三角鲂、赤眼鳟、异育银鲫和翘嘴红鲐等为试验对象,对凤眼莲生长的影响进行研究。结果表明：不同品种的鱼苗具有不同的控制凤眼莲的能力;在2．5～9．0cm范围内各鱼苗食用凤眼莲能力依次为：草鱼〉杂交鱼〉三角鲂〉赤眼鳟〉异育银鲫〉翘嘴红舶。     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers reveal low genetic variation and a single dominant genotype in Eichhornia crassipes populations throughout China

Genetic variation within and between 34 populations of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) in China was surveyed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 1009 individuals were analysed, for which 12 RAPD primers amplified 69 reproducible bands, with 22 (32%) being polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci (p) within a population ranged from 4.4% to 17.4%, and the mean Nei's gene diversity (H_e) was 0.046 ± 0.0145, indicating a low genetic diversity of E. crassipes in China. Each population contained at least four RAPD phenotypes (genotypes), and the same particular genotype was invariably dominant in all the populations sampled. The mean proportion of distinguishable genotypes was 0.29. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a large proportion of genetic variation (83.9%) residing within populations and a slightly larger proportion (88.1%) within localities, indicating a low genetic differentiation of E. crassipes populations, both locally and regionally. Human-mediated dispersal, vigorous clonal growth, and a generally low level of sexual reproduction were thought to be responsible for such a pattern of genetic structure.     

Classification of Morchella species from Yunnan and Zhejiang Provinces Based on rDNA ITS Sequences

Fourteen Morchella samples (eleven from Yunnan and three from Zhejiang Provinces) were selected on the basis of differences in fruit body morphology. Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were amplified in each case using the universal primer pair, ITS-1 and ITS-4, and the amplification products were purified and sequenced. Comparisons with sequence data in GenBank revealed that the 11 Morchella isolates collected from Yunnan belonged to four species: Morchella elata, Morchella conica, Morchella crassipes and Morchella costata. The three isolates collected from Zhejiang Province (M12, M13 and M14) were designated as unknown Morchella species. When Verpa conica (AJ544206) (from the genus Verpa belonging to the same family as Morchella) was taken as the outgroup, the 14 isolates formed three groups, M. elata, M. costata (Group 1); Morchella esculenta, M. conica (Group 2); and M. crassipes, M12, M13 and M14 (Group 3).     

用凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes Solms)去除废水中氮、磷元素的功效及其相关因素的研究

在含Ag~+浓度为0.1～2.0ppm的屠宰废水中,凤眼莲降低N、P元素的效率,随浓度增加而降低;当Ag~+浓度为2ppm时,凤眼莲降低N、P元素的效率,随处理时间的延长而增加。去除N的百分率低于P的百分率。屠宰废水中的Ag~+浓度高达15ppm时,凤眼莲植株在24小时内坏死。不同Ag~+浓度的废水对凤眼莲根系脱氢酶活力水平的影响大小不同,从而影响到N、P元素的去除效率。实验结果为利用凤眼莲净化屠宰废水,富集回收水环境中的银,提供了重要依据。     

紫花含笑开花进程中花被生理生化与色素变化

紫花含笑(Michelia crassipes)为木兰科含笑属唯一开紫色花的植物,其花色和观赏期受开花进程影响。本研究以紫花含笑花被为试材,通过测定自然花期过程中花被各项生理指标及色素质量分数,利用主成分分析法筛选出花被片衰老生理的主要影响因子,探讨开花进程中生理生化与色素变化对花被衰老的作用机理。结果表明:丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、花青素质量分数、类胡萝卜素质量分数、游离脯氨酸质量分数和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性8个参数可作为反映花被衰老的有效生理指标。初步认为,活性氧自由基积累是引起紫花含笑花被发生生理衰老的重要原因,可溶性蛋白质量分数增加与花青素质量分数降解是影响花衰老进程的主要生理因子。     

甘肃甘南野生羊肚菌rDNA的ITS序列分析

根据形态学特征挑选了7株采自甘肃甘南境内的野生羊肚菌,应用rDNA-ITS序列进行了比对技术分析。结果表明,7株野生羊肚菌归属为4个种：粗柄羊肚菌Morchellav crassipes、羊肚菌M.esculenta、黑脉羊肚菌M.angusticeps和高羊肚菌M.elata。根据分子系统树发现,粗柄羊肚菌和羊肚菌属于黄羊肚菌类群,而黑脉羊肚菌和高羊肚菌属于黑羊肚菌类群。     

青海省羊肚菌发生地的生态环境调查

调查了青海省7个不同地区羊肚菌的生态环境,测定了土壤中的含水量、pH值、有机质、总氮和总磷含量。调查发现,羊肚菌的发生与降雨量呈正比;pH值为中性或略偏碱性的基质条件更适合羊肚菌生长;土壤总氮与有机质含量呈正相关,有机质丰富的土壤总氮含量也较高。