Comparative pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in healthy and Mannheimia haemolytica infected calves

The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin were investigated in healthy (n=8) and Mannheimia haemolytica naturally infected (n=8) Simmental ruminant calves following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 2 mg kg(-1) body weight. The concentration of marbofloxacin in plasma was measured using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Following i.v. administration of the drug, the elimination half-life (t(1/2 beta)) and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly longer in diseased calves (8.2h; 11.13 h) than in healthy ones (4.6 h; 6.1 h), respectively. The value of total body clearance (CL(B)) was larger in healthy calves (3 ml min(-1) kg(-1)) than in diseased ones (1.3 ml min(-1) kg(-1)). After single intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the drug, the elimination half-life, mean residence time (MRT) and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) were higher in diseased calves (8.0, 12 h, 2.32 microg ml(-1)) than in healthy ones (4.7, 7.4 h, 1.4 microg ml(-1)), respectively. The plasma concentrations and AUC following administration of the drug by both routes were significantly higher in diseased calves than in healthy ones. Protein binding of Marbofloxacin was not significantly different in healthy and diseased calves. The mean value for MIC of marbofloxacin for M. haemolytica was 0.1+/-0.06 microg ml(-1). The C(max)/MIC and AUC(24)/MIC ratios were significantly higher in diseased calves (13.0-64.4 and 125-618 h) than in healthy calves (8-38.33 and 66.34-328 h). The obtained results for surrogate markers of antimicrobial activity (C(max)/MIC, AUC/MIC and T > or = MIC) indicate the excellent pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drug in diseased calves with M. haemolytica, which can be expected to optimize the clinical efficacy and minimize the development of resistance.     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

利用ECMWF再分析数据验证PRECIS对中国区域气候的模拟能力

本文利用1979～1983年的ECMWF再分析数据作为准观测侧边界条件驱动Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS，验证PRECIS对中国区域的气候模拟能力。选择典型的观测站点北京模拟的日最高，最低气温、太阳短波总辐射和月均降水量与观测结果进行直接比较，显示：PRECIS具有很强的模拟地面气候季节变化的能力。全国740个台站的观测与模拟值的统计分析表明：尽管模拟的最高，最低气温在0℃附近有一‘锯齿’状的偏差，PRECIS能够很好地模拟全国范围最高，最低气温的型态分布特征；从全国范围看，模拟的降水值偏高，但显示出很强的模拟极端降水事件的能力；模拟的地面太阳短波总辐射与全国122个台站的观测结果的比较显示：PRECIS模拟的辐射值偏高，全国范围内约高22％。因此，当应用PRECIS输出结果进行气候变化的影响评价时，需要对模式的输出结果进行订正。     

Tillage and crop sequence effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen content in an irrigated Alberta soil

A better understanding of tillage effects on soil organic matter is vital for development of effective soil conservation practices. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage and crop sequence on soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in an irrigated southern Alberta soil. A field experiment was conducted using a split–split plot design from 1994 to 1998 in Alberta, Canada. There were two crop sequences (Sequence 1: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)–spring wheat–annual legume; and Sequence 2: spring wheat–spring wheat–annual legume–sugar beet) and two tillage practices (CT: conventional tillage and MT: minimum tillage). Surface soil under MT had significantly higher OC (30.1 Mg ha⁻¹) content than under CT (28.3 Mg ha⁻¹) after 4 years of treatment. The MT treatment retains crop residue at the soil surface, reduces soil erosion and slows organic matter decomposition, which are key factors in enhancing the soil fertility status of southern Alberta irrigated soils.     

基于地基激光雷达监测不同地表覆盖条件的土壤侵蚀试验研究

土壤侵蚀量是土壤退化风险评估的重要指标,地基激光雷达(TLS)为土壤侵蚀量动态监测提供新技术手段,但野外不同地表覆盖条件对监测精度的影响尚不明确。基于2019年11月和2021年7月在鹰潭红壤生态实验站获取的地表裸露、石块、稀疏象草、马尾松、马尾松+石块,马尾松+稀疏象草等不同地表覆盖条件的6个径流小区两期TLS数据,运用移动曲面拟合滤波和反距离加权插值方法估算土壤侵蚀量,结合实测侵蚀量数据评价TLS精度,并探讨不同地表覆盖条件下TLS的最小变化识别度(minLOD)。研究表明,TLS监测精度与土壤侵蚀量呈正相关关系,更适用于中等强度以上或长时间发生明显侵蚀的土壤侵蚀区监测。不同地表覆盖条件下minLOD为4～60 mm,TLS监测相对误差(RE)依次为：地表裸露(RE=–9.4%)<马尾松+石块(RE=12.6%)<石块(RE=15.5%)<稀疏象草(RE=–18.9%)<马尾松(RE=23.4%)<马尾松+稀疏象草(RE=–25.2%);地表覆盖条件不仅影响土壤侵蚀强度、地表粗糙度,也产生点云滤波及空间插值误差,进而影响TLS识别minLOD准确度和土...     

农业水利调配问题研究

针对农业水利调配过程中存在的问题,提出了一种费用最小的水利调配方法。     

羊耳菊提取物的抑菌动力学研究

[目的]研究羊耳菊不同浓度提取物对细菌存活率随时间变化的关系,以及不同pH值条件下提取物的抑菌效果。[方法]以金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌为供试菌种,绘制时间杀菌曲线和浓度杀菌曲线。在提取物浓度为最低抑菌浓度（MIC）时培养24h,测定不同pH值条件下的抑菌率。[结果]羊耳菊提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌的MIC、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）分别为62.5、125.0mg/ml和125.0、250.0mg/ml。绘制了羊耳菊提取物16MIC、4MIC、2MIC、MIC、1/2MIC和对照条件下的杀菌曲线。羊耳菊水提物抑菌作用最适pH值为6～8。[结论]羊耳菊提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用在较高浓度时并没有进一步提高杀菌速度,表现为时间依赖性,但对甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌表现为浓度性依赖性。     

水稻花培苗试管保存技术的研究

以水稻杂交Ｆ１代花药培养所获得的幼苗为材料,研究了花培苗在最低量生长条件下长时间保存于试管的适宜条件。花培苗在含Ｂｉ－ＭＥＴ ５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ和６－ＢＡ ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上,１５￣２０℃的弱光条件下试管培养不需要中途转管,保存了８个月,试管苗表现为叶片宽厚,茎秆粗壮,叶色深绿,发达。入土移栽手续简便,移栽成活率达８５％。     

基于最小生成树模型的树状灌溉管网的优化设计

针对灌溉管网优化中的管网布置和管径选择问题,以追求管网投资最小为目标,采用结合设计者工程经验的Kruskal算法生成符合工程要求的灌溉管网最小生成树。将管网中的线路根据节点之间的距离进行边权赋值,参与最小生成树求解,保证算法的可用性,并与相关生成树算法进行比较。实例研究表明,该方法能克服局部最优解的缺陷,能快速求解符合工程实际的树状管网布置和管径。     

加拿大一枝黄花的抑菌性研究

以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、米根霉和酿酒酵母为供试菌种,研究了加拿大一枝黄花叶提取物的抑菌性、最低抑菌浓度及与一些抗菌药品的抑菌性比较。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶提取物对6种供试菌都有一定的抑制作用,抑制性大小顺序为枯草芽孢杆菌>大肠杆菌>酿酒酵母>黑曲霉>米根霉>金黄色葡萄球菌,对供试菌的最低抑菌浓度都在0.002 5 g/ml以下。提取物的抑菌效果与链霉素、四环素、氨苄西林等药品相差较大。