农村留守儿童问题行为状况调查与对策研究

对农村初中留守儿童问题行为的状况进行调查和分析,并提出相应的建议或干预措施。     

Visits to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from South Asia and the Middle East, 1946–1990: An indicator of changing international programs and politics

International study programs have contributed to the diffusion of modern irrigation technologies, approaches, and problems. But the patterns and processes of international travel have received little attention to date. This paper examines foreign visits to the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from South Asia and the Middle East from 1946 to 1990. Using data from the Foreign Activities Branch of the USBR, we compare the participation rates from 16 countries in South Asia and the Middle East. India, Turkey, and Egypt had the highest rates of participation, followed by Pakistan, Iran, and Israel. The frequency of visits is influenced by political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. But the most important factors appear to be foreign relations and geopolitics. Given the problems faced by national irrigation bureaucracies around the world, there is a need to focus more directly on political factors than in the past.     

CO2加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆中期与后期生长的影响

为了探明菜豆中期与后期生长对CO₂加富与亏缺灌溉的生理响应,试验设两个CO₂水平:正常大气浓度和倍增CO₂浓度,两个灌溉水平:自然灌溉12次和亏缺灌溉6次,研究CO₂加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆生长的影响。结果表明,CO₂加富显著提高菜豆生长中期株高与干质量,净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)分别显著降低15.48%、37.67%,气孔导度(Gs)显著提高95.83%,菜豆生长后期的叶绿素a/b(Chla/b)显著提高12.29%,水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高46.51%,Ci显著降低12.87%。CO₂加富显著提高亏缺灌溉下生长中期菜豆的株高与干质量,但显著降低根冠比,显著提高叶绿素含量以及Gs;CO₂加富下生长后期的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)及果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)活性分别显著提高78.05%与88.69%,CO₂加富使亏缺灌溉下碳酸酐酶(CA)与FBPase活性分别显著提高83.73%与64.84%。综上所述,CO₂加富提高菜豆生长中期对亏缺灌溉的适应性,对生长后期影响作用减小。     

基于过程降水量的长江中下游地区单季稻洪涝灾害指标构建

基于长江中下游地区1961?2014年297个气象站的日雨量数据,耦合单季稻生育期和洪涝灾情数据,统计单季稻不同生育阶段、不同等级的洪涝灾害样本过程降水量序列,基于S-W分布拟合检验,采用t-分布区间估计法计算样本序列95%可信区间的下限值,确定指标阈值,构建各省单季稻分生育阶段洪涝灾害的等级指标,并采用预留独立水稻洪涝灾害样本进行指标验证,分析了区域1961-2010年单季稻洪涝灾害的时空分布和风险分布。结果表明：同等洪涝灾情等级时,抽穗-成熟期的洪涝灾害指标阈值最高,拔节-孕穗期次之,移栽-分蘖期最低;同一生育阶段、同等灾情等级时,5省份的洪涝灾害指标阈值从低到高依次是江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、浙江;各省每年均有单季稻洪涝灾害发生,发生次数呈波动增减,无明显的线性趋势;随着洪涝灾害等级加大,洪涝发生的次数减少;灾害的多发区主要位于鄱阳湖和黄山地区、浙江沿海及恩施和张家界一带;移栽-分蘖期灾害风险指数普遍较高,大部分地区风险指数在0.6以上;拔节-成熟期,风险指数高值区明显缩小,主要位于浙江沿海地区,其余大部分地区处于低值区,风险指数大都低于0.3。     

巴彦淖尔市农垦系统中小湖泊渔业资源调查

2004年4月至2005年1月,对内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市农垦系统13个大中水面渔业资源进行了周年调查。文章对除乌梁素海以外其他12个中小湖泊调查结果进行总结分析。这些湖泊多数为草型浅水湖泊,盐碱含量较高,如纳林湖、姚军海子、白条海子总含盐量平均在3.5‰以上,个别水体如纳林湖、姚军海子总碱度平均超出15mol/l。大多水体有效氮含量较高,但有效磷不足,氮、磷比例失调。除大汉海子、刘铁海子和南一队海子的浮游生物含量较高外,其余9个湖泊浮游生物含量均较低,水质清瘦,鱼产量较低。并在调查基础上提出了综合开发利用渔业资源的建议。     

基于GIS多源数据融合的湖北省中稻增产潜力研究

在1993—2012年湖北省各县（市、区）水稻生产实际状况、气象资料、地形等多种数据的支持下,使用GIS技术建立数据库。结合中稻生长发育规律,计算中稻光合、光温、气候、耕地生产潜力及增产潜力、增产空间,将增产潜力划分为5个等级区,绘制了相应的图表,进一步研究了湖北省中稻不同种植区域对自然资源的利用现状及开发前景。湖北省中稻增产潜力巨大,理论值达1187.8万t,限制增产潜力的主要因素是耕地和气候。     

美国农学教习眼中的张之洞与湖北农务学堂

自1889年张之洞出任湖广总督后的十余年间,张之洞在荆楚大地开创了著名的区域近代化模式——“湖北新政”,使其谋求早期工业化、教育改革以及军队近代化的尝试在湖北获得了一个巨大的实验场。张之洞曾为改良农业,创办新式农务学堂而首先从美国聘请了农学教习布里尔。现存于美国的布里尔相关档案,以其亲历者和旁观者的视角,对于张之洞“湖北新政”期间的举措,尤其是教育方面的改革尝试进行了一些记录和述评。这些新近发掘的史料,为深化相关研究提供了新的依据和视角。     

Agricultural extension approach: evidence from an Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project in Ethiopia

Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training, demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty, ensuring food security, and sustainably managing natural resources. During recent decades, different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and non-governmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system (AES). The most recent was a German-funded project entitled “Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project” (ISFM⁺), which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice. The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM⁺ and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination. The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data. ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis. Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process. Also, the ISFM⁺ was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods. Based on these empirical findings, it is argued that the ISFM⁺ approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.     

中卫市沙坡头区中低产田类型及改良利用

简述了宁夏中卫市沙坡头区中低产田的主要类型,针对中低产田土壤结构差,保水保肥能力弱,水、肥、气、热协调不良的现状,提出:应采取调整种植业结构,增施有机肥,秸秆还田及推广测土配方施肥等综合措施,因地制宜地进行科学改良与利用。     

湖北省审定的中熟棉品种产量构成关联度分析

通过对2008～2014年湖北省审定的中熟棉品种部分性状的分析。变异性分析表明,籽指和株高变异性大,生育期、单株铃数、铃重、衣分、果枝数变异小。关联度分析表明,产量影响因素按关联度大小,依次为单株铃数、果枝数、衣分、铃重、籽指、生育期和株高,说明在遗传改良上主攻目标是单株铃数和衣分,次要目标是果枝数和铃重。要改变湖北省棉花品种相似性高的现状,迫切需要引进更多种质资源。