Advances in Biodegradation of Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. They are one of the contaminants most common in food and feed, with high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Aflatoxins usually enter animal body together with feed and then enter human body by food chain, thereby seriously threatening human health. In recent years, the degradation of aflatoxins has become a hot research topic. This study overviewed the characteristics and detoxification ways of aflatoxins, specifically for the advances in biodegradation and degradation products of aflatoxins.     

Effect of rifaximin on gut-lung axis in mice infected with influenza A virus

Gut-lung axis injury is a common finding in patients with respiratory diseases as well as in animal model of influenza virus infection. Influenza virus damages the intestinal microecology while affecting the lungs. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable derivative of rifamycin, is an effective antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether rifaximin-perturbation of the intestinal microbiome leads to protective effects against influenza infection, via the gut-lung axis. Our results showed that influenza virus infection caused inflammation of and damage to the lungs. The expression of tight junction proteins in the lung and colon of H1N1 infected mice decreased significantly, attesting that the barrier structure of the lung and colon was damaged. Due to this perturbation in the gut-lung axis, the intestinal microbiota became imbalanced as Escherichia coli bacteria replicated opportunistically, causing intestinal injury. When influenza infection was treated with rifamixin, qPCR results from the gut showed significant increases in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations, while Escherichia coli populations markedly decreased. Furthermore, pathology sections and western blotting results illustrated that rifaximin treatment strengthened the physical barriers of the lung-gut axis through increased expression of tight junction protein in the colon and lungs. These results indicated that rifaximin ameliorated lung and intestine injury induced by influenza virus infection. The mechanisms identified were the regulation of gut flora balance and intestinal and lung permeability, which might be related to the regulation of the gut-lung axis. Rifaximin might be useful as a co-treatment drug for the prevention of influenza virus infection.     

胃肠道褪黑素的合成及其对消化道微生物群体影响的研究进展

胃肠道褪黑素主要是由肠嗜铬细胞分泌,具有一定昼夜节律性。褪黑素通过调控细胞因子或NF-κB等调控肠道微生物及其代谢,进而影响动物肠道微生物群体结构以及某些细菌的昼夜节律。本文主要对近几年胃肠道褪黑素的合成分泌及其生理功能、肠道微生物节律性以及褪黑素对肠道微生物的调控作用等研究进行综述,以期为胃肠道褪黑素与菌群之间调控关系的研究提供一定参考。     

双免耕覆盖对旱地土壤微生物、酶活性和冬小麦干物质转运的影响

为了解双免耕覆盖下旱地土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及冬小麦干物质转运特征,研究了双免耕覆盖下麦田土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量、土壤蛋白酶和脲酶的活性、冬小麦花前和花后干物质向籽粒的转运量与传统耕作（对照）的差异。结果表明,与对照相比,双免耕覆盖下土壤中微生物的数量和酶活性在冬小麦不同生育时期和不同土层均显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）高于对照;在0～60 cm土壤中,双免耕覆盖下微生物总量平均较对照高68.2%,差异达极显著水平;土壤中蛋白酶和脲酶活性平均较对照高 27.3%和32.7%。双免耕覆盖下冬小麦花后干物质积累量对籽粒产量的贡献率为44.2%,较对照增加了 61.7%;产量较对照提高18.4%,二者差异达极显著水平。     

石灰和有效微生物群处理条件下土壤动物群落多样性研究

采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。     

化学处理和微生物混合培养对水稻秸秆腐解和组分变化的影响

 利用化学处理和微生物混合培养对水稻秸秆进行接力腐解处理。结果表明 ,化学处理后秸秆中二氧化硅的含量降低了 5 0 %左右 ,C/N从 5 3降到 2 1。经过接力处理的秸秆中半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率均极显著高于其它处理 ,分别高达 12 .84 %、12 .12 %和 15 .96 %。微生物在经过化学处理后的秸秆中生长较在未处理秸秆中迅速。秸秆中碳氮含量的消长反映了微生物分解和利用秸秆的动态过程。化学处理和微生物接力处理有利于促进秸秆腐熟度的提高 ,并能保持微生物的持续生长 ,这为秸秆制成生物有机肥展示了应用前景     

植物源乳酸菌对断奶仔猪日粮表观消化率及消化道内容物特性的影响

试验利用植物源乳酸菌,对断奶仔猪日粮中养分表观消化率及消化道内容物特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,仔猪日粮中添加植物源乳酸菌可分别提高干物质、粗蛋白、能量、粗脂肪、钙、磷等的表观消化率;降低消化道pH,增加肠道乳酸菌的数量,可弥补仔猪胃酸分泌不足。同时,还可减少消化道盲肠和结肠内大肠杆菌的数量,改善动物消化道微生态平衡。     

人工接种堆肥和自然堆肥微生物区系变化的比较

[目的]为了明确堆肥过程中微生物菌群的组成与变化,为堆肥工艺的优化和人工接种腐熟菌群的应用提供理论依据。[方法]采用传统的平板培养技术研究了人工接种堆肥、自然堆肥微生物群落演变过程。[结果]传统培养方法显示两种堆肥过程中微生物群落演变均呈"升高-降低-升高-降低"变化,堆肥整个过程中细菌数量占优势;人工接种NMF菌群增加了堆肥中微生物总体数量,丰富了微生物种群多样性,促进了堆肥菌群演替,堆肥腐熟时间缩短;接种NMF菌群能够提高堆肥纤维素分解菌、放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌数量,减少堆肥反硝化作用,有利于纤维素、木质素等难降解物质的分解、转化为腐殖质,同时能够减少堆肥过程中氮素损失。[结论]研究堆肥过程中微生物区系的演变对于了解堆肥进程、优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。     

土壤解磷微生物研究进展

综述了具有解磷能力的微生物在不同土壤、作物根际中的数量及种群分布,论述了解磷微生物的种类、分布、数量、解磷机制、解磷效果的研究进展。     

微生物硫酸盐的同化途径及其与重金属抗性的关系

综述了微生物硫酸盐的吸收与同化途径。对其涉及的关键酶ATP硫酸化酶、APS还原酶、亚硫酸盐还原酶和半胱氨酸合成酶的研究进展进行了介绍;同时阐述了硫酸盐的同化途径与重金属抗性之间的关系,并对其在重金属存在的条件下与硫酸盐同化途径相关酶的基因表达情况进行了综述。