福建耕作土壤含钾矿物研究

研究了福建省10个耕作土壤耕层不含钾矿物。结果表明紫色页岩发育的土壤中云母最多,玄武岩发育的土壤和花岗岩发育的赤红壤云母较少,河流冲积物及石灰岩发育的水稻土云母居中。云母含量高的土壤,钾的潜在供应量高,潜在供应速度大。粘粒伊利石和2-10μm云母对供钾潜力的意义大于粘粒水白云母和10-100μm云母。105℃烘干24小时对粘粒伊利石影响显著;干湿交替（不加钾）过程中各粒级云母对释钾或固钾均有显著相关;干湿交替（加钾）过程中固钾量主要取决于粘粒矿物类型,当粘粒中有较多蛭石时,Δ-K°值主要取决于蛭石;当粘粒中蛭石少而云母多时,Δ-K°值与粘粒伊利石相关极显著。含钾长石在钾素供应及转化上的意义低于云母。     

Effect of long‐term fertilization and manuring on potassium release properties in a Typic Ustochrept

A long‐term fertilizer experiment, over 27 years, studied the effect of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances and K release properties in maize‐wheat‐cowpea (fodder) cropping system on a Typic Ustochrept. The treatments consisted of control, 100% nitrogen (100% N), 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (100% NP), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (50% NPK), 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (100% NPK), 150% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (150% NPK), and 100% NPK+farmyard manure (100% NPK+FYM). Nutrients N, P, and K in 100% NPK treatment were applied at N: 120 kg ha^—1, P: 26 kg ha^—1, and K: 33 kg ha^—1 each to maize and wheat crops and N: 20 kg ha^—1, P: 17 kg ha^—1, and K: 17 kg ha^—1 to cowpea (fodder). In all the fertilizer and manure treatments removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the total soil K balance was negative. The neutral 1 N ammonium acetate‐extractable K in the surface soil (0—15 cm) ranged from 0.19 to 0.39 cmol kg^—1 in various treatments after 27 crop cycles. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 100% NPK+FYM and 100% NP treatments, respectively. Non‐exchangeable K was also depleted more in the treatments without K fertilization (control, 100% N, and 100% NP). Parabolic diffusion equation could describe the reaction rates in CaCl₂ solutions. Release rate constants (b) of non‐exchangeable K for different depth of soil profile showed the variations among the treatments indicating that long‐term cropping with different rates of fertilizers and manures influenced the rate of K release from non‐exchangeable fraction of soil. The b values were lowest in 100% NP and highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment in the surface soil. In the sub‐surface soil layers (15—30 and 30—45 cm) also the higher release rates were obtained in the treatments supplied with K than without K fertilization indicating that the sub‐soils were also stressed for K in these treatments.     

辽宁省耕地棕壤供钾潜力的研究

 研究了辽宁省七种主要成土母质发育的耕地棕壤一些供钾潜力指标：土壤全钾含量、速效钾含量、缓效钾含量和易释放非交换性钾含量分别为0.69%-2.18%、85.0-247.5ppm、177.5-1227.5ppm和237.5-1752.5ppm；土壤钾缓冲容量77.65-214.68me/(mol/L)#+(1/2)·100克土。土壤对钾肥的反应不仅受土壤速效钾、缓效钾和易释放非交换性钾的制约，还受土壤钾缓冲容量的影响。生物耗竭试验结果与土壤供钾指标相关密切，可以反映土壤的供钾状况。除泥灰岩和花岗岩残积母质棕壤供钾潜力较大外，其它母质发育的棕壤不同程度地出现供钾不足，玄武岩残积母质棕壤问题尤重。     

Current studies on Atherigona indica - a pest of wheat

Abstract

THE PESTICIDE MANUAL. A WORLD COMPENDIUM. Edited by C. R. Worthing. British Crop Protection Council, Croydon, 1979. ISBN 0 901436 44 5. Pp. 655. Price £20.00.

WHO'S WHO IN WORLD AGRICULTURE. 2 volumes. Editorial staff, Francis Hodgson. Longmans, London and Harlow, 1979. ISBN 0 582 90106 5. Pp. 831. Price £75.00.

CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. Book 1. Principles. Book 2. Practices. A. I. Henry. MacMillan Caribbean Ltd, Basingstoke, 1979. ISBN 0 333 233891. Pp. 202 (book 1), 216 (book 2). Price £2.25 (book 1), £2.30 (book 2).

ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS AND SAMPLING OF HELIOTHIS SPECIES ON COTTON, CORN, SOYBEANS AND OTHER HOST PLANTS. Compiled by Economic Thresholds and Sampling Subcommittee (Chairman W. L. Sterling). Southern Co-operative Series Bulletin No. 231, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas, 1979. Pp. 159.

FUNGICIDES IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROL. Second edition. Y. L. Nene and P. N. Thapliyal. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1979. Pp. 508. Price Indian Rs. 15.75

INTRODUCTION TO WEED SCIENCE. Beatriz L. Mercado. Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Laguna, Philippines, 1979. Pp. 292. Price, not known

GRASS WEEDS IN WORLD AGRICULTURE — IDENTIFICATION IN THE FLOWERLESS STATE. S. Behrendt and M. Hanf, BASF, Ludwigshafen, 1979. Pp. 160. Price £5.20.

SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION. P. Stem. International Irrigation Information Center, Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London 1979. ISBN 0 903031 64 7. Pp. 152. Price £3.95.

SEEING &; PERCEIVING: FILMS IN A WORLD OF CHANGE. Neil Taylor and Robin Richardson. Concord Films Council, 201 Felixstowe Road, Ipswich, Suffolk IP3 9BJ, England. 1979. ISBN 0 950600 0 0. Pp. 36. Price 60p.     

A stepwise change of frayed edge site content in biotite in response to the gradual release of potassium from the interlayers

ABSTRACT

Radiocesium (RCs) is selectively adsorbed on weathered micaceous minerals (mica) in soils. Although it is clear that weathered mica has selective adsorption sites for RCs, which have been called ‘frayed edge sites (FES),’ the relationship between the degree of mica weathering and the FES content has not been fully investigated. To evaluate the effect of mica weathering on its FES content, we investigated the changes in the FES content with the release of K⁺ from biotite samples by using sodium tetraphenylborate solution. The FES content was estimated from radiocesium interception potential. The vermiculitic layer charge (Vt charge) was also determined as an indicator of the degree of mica weathering. The amount of K extracted from biotite increased from 154 to 803 mmol kg^?1 as the condition of the K extraction was more intensive (i.e., longer time, lower solid/liquid ratio, and higher temperature). As K⁺ was removed to a greater extent, the FES content increased from 3.96 to 11.5 mmol kg^?1, whereas the Vt charge value increased from 17.1 to 329 mmol kg^?1. At the earlier stage of mica weathering, the formation of FES was proportional to the increasing amount of K⁺ released and to the Vt charges. However, at the later stage of mica weathering, when vermiculite was detected by an X-ray diffraction analysis, FES was not necessarily increased in proportion to the increase in K⁺ released and the amount of Vt charge. These findings indicated that although mica weathering largely increased the FES, the increase was not continuous throughout the weathering stage but evident at the earlier stage of weathering.     

Clay mineral evolution along a soil chronosequence in an Alpine proglacial area

As a consequence of global warming, additional areas will become ice-free and subject to weathering and soil formation. The most evident soil changes in the Alps will occur in proglacial areas where young soils will continuously develop due to glacier retreat. Little is known about the initial stages of weathering and soil formation, i.e. during the first decades of soil genesis. In this study, we investigated clay minerals formation during a time span 0-150 years in the proglacial area of Morteratsch (Swiss Alps). The soils developed on granitic till and were Lithic Leptosols.Mineralogical measurements of the clay (< 2 μm) and fine silt fraction (2-32 μm) were carried out using XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and DRIFT (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform). Fast formation and transformation mechanisms were measured in the clay fraction. The decreasing proportion of trioctahedral phases with time confirmed active chemical weathering. Since the start of soil formation, smectite was actively formed. Some smectite (low charge) and vermiculite (high charge) was however already present in the parent material. Main source of smectite formation was biotite, hornblende and probably plagioclase. Furthermore, irregularly and regularly interstratified clay minerals (mica-HIV or mica-vermiculite) were formed immediately after the start of moraine exposure to weathering. In addition, hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) as a transitory weathering product from mica to smectite was detected. Furthermore, since the start of soil evolution, kaolinite was progressively formed. In the silt fraction, only little changes could be detected; i.e. some formation of an interstratified mica-HIV or mica-vermiculite phase.The detected clay mineral formation and transformation mechanisms within this short time span confirmed the high reactivity of freshly exposed sediments, even in a cryic environment.     

Nutrient concentration dynamics in an inland Pacific Northwest watershed before and after timber harvest

The nutrient loads of water draining forested watersheds are generally lower than the loads in water draining basins with other dominant land uses. Commercial forest management activities including timber harvesting, site preparation, road construction, and maintenance can alter the chemical properties of headwater forest streams, and there are concerns this can result in cumulative effects at downstream locations. Monthly water samples were collected from 1992 to 2006 in the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed (MCEW) in northern Idaho. This period of record included a pre-treatment time interval from 1992 to 1997; post-road construction period from 1997 to 2001; and post-harvest period from 2001 to 2006. Samples were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate + nitrite (NO₃ + NO₂), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate (OP). Statistically significant increases (p < 0.001) were observed in NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations following both clearcut and partial cut harvest practices. Downstream of the clearcut harvest activity, mean monthly increases of 0.29 mg-N L⁻¹ were observed. Statistically significant increases were also observed at sites further downstream, but changes were smaller than those immediately below the harvest sites and reflected dilution and possibly instream processing and/or uptake. Continued monitoring at these sites will help evaluate nutrient concentration trends during stand regrowth and hydrologic recovery.