膜上移栽机械研究进展及与分析

地膜覆盖技术与育苗移栽的结合能最大限度地提高部分经济作物蔬菜、烟草、中草药和棉花的品质和经济效益,而膜上移栽机械是实现上述农艺要求的核心装备。由于膜上移栽机械作业效率和稳定性问题,制约了膜上移栽机械的发展和推广。分别对国内和国外膜上移栽机械的结构、工作原理和特性进行了分析,探讨了国内膜上移栽机械发展的主要问题,指出膜上移栽机械的研制工作应着重实际应用,在农机与农艺结合的基础上,优化现有半自动移栽机的结构和性能,同时提高育苗技术,研制适合我国国情的、能够推广应用的全自动移栽机。     

城市绿化中的大树移植

随着人们对环境的重视,城市的绿化工作变得越来越重要。在绿化工程中,栽植大量的苗木,其中不乏一些大规格得苗木,规格大的苗木在绿化中,有见效快、效果好的特点,所以在将来的绿化工程中,会有更多的大树被应用。根据不同地区,选择不同的大树,不但可以起到绿化效果,还能保证苗木的成活率。在起挖和栽植时,应对大苗进行特殊处理,保证其成活率,后期的养护管理也是保证苗木成活的关键。     

移栽时期对高粱产量的影响

高粱不同育苗移栽时期试验结果表明:4月15日和4月25日移栽的高粱经济性状好,产量高,单产达330～337.5kg/667m2。随着移栽时期的前后推移,产量都会降低。     

油菜素内酯浸根对水稻水卷苗机插植伤的修复效应

目的 探究油菜素内酯(Brassinolide, BR)浸根对机插水卷苗栽后本田生长及产量的影响。方法 以宁粳8号为试验材料,分析不同浓度BR(T1、T10、T20,分别表示水培营养液中BR浓度为1 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L)浸根对水卷苗机插本田后返青活棵及产量的影响,以正常水培营养液处理为对照(CK)。结果 BR浸根(T1、T10、T20)能够促进水稻地上部生长,栽插本田21d后株高较CK分别增加11.68%、8.12%和7.61%;BR浸根对水卷苗栽后根系的促生作用更为明显,不同浓度BR浸根对水卷苗栽后根长、根表面积、根尖数、根体积、根直径、根质量和根冠比均产生了显著影响,其中根尖数以低浓度BR处理效果更优,而其他根系指标均以高浓度BR处理效果更优。与CK相比,不同浓度BR浸根降低了叶片过氧化氢浓度(至移栽后12 d,分别降低12.50%、23.25%和22.25%),增强了叶片抗氧化酶活性;与移栽当天相比,移栽后第2天BR浸根处理叶片中玉米素(ZT)浓度迅速增加(分别为197.27%、153.11%和243.78%),而CK增加缓慢(2.94%),根系表现一致,且根系中生长素(IAA)浓度显著高于CK;同时BR处理在栽后一周内赤霉素(GA₃)浓度均明显高于对照。与CK相比,T10处理显著提高了每穗粒数和结实率(分别为15.04%和6.62%),T20处理显著提高了结实率(6.17%),但BR处理千粒重均显著下降,最终产量T10和T20处理较CK分别提高5.11%和7.99%。结论 适当浓度的BR(T10~T20)浸根能减轻水卷苗机插植伤,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低H₂O₂含量,提高ZT、GA₃和IAA浓度,高效地促进根系生长,提高了每穗粒数和结实率。本研究可为减轻机插植伤,促进机插水稻高产稳产提供理论依据和技术参考。     

Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

吊杯式栽植器运动轨迹优化与试验

针对吊杯式移栽机膜上成穴移栽时膜面穴口大的问题,建立栽植机构的运动模型,通过分析栽植器的运动轨迹特性得出,当栽植器的运动轨迹为余摆线,且余摆线环扣最大横弦的距离等于轨迹线与地膜交点间的距离,栽植器在上拔阶段水平方向零速度点两侧打开,有利于减小膜面穴口尺寸。通过仿真分析和膜上移栽番茄盘苗试验得出,运动轨迹特征系数λ对膜面穴口的纵向尺寸影响显著,对横向尺寸和倾斜率影响不明显。随着λ值的增大,穴口纵向尺寸先减小然后增大,在移栽频率为50和55株·min^-1时,λ为1.093的穴口纵向尺寸分别为10.12 cm和9.49 cm,是最小值; 两种移栽频率条件下,随着λ值的增大,移栽株距分别从39.8 cm减小到33.5 cm和从39.1 cm减小到33.1 cm。该结论可用于指导吊杯式移栽机结构和工作参数的优选。     

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

论园林绿化工程中的大树移栽

论述园林绿化工程大树移栽的定义、意义、特点和原则,并对大树移栽前的准备和处理、移栽中的操作规程、移栽后养护管理等方面进行了较为详细的阐述,方法简明、技术适用、科学有效,对各地园林绿化大树移栽成活有一定指导意义。     

膜上移栽钵苗栽植机构运动分析与参数优化

针对吊篮式钵苗移栽机膜上移栽易撕膜的问题,设计了一种鸭嘴式钵苗移栽机.建立了该机栽植机构的运动数学模型,并以此为依据在ADAMS中对栽植机构进行了参数化建模.利用参数化模型,分析了主要参数对机构运动特性的影响.在保证钵苗直立度较高的同时,以产生的穴口尽量小为优化目标,获得了一组最佳参数组合.此组合下,形成的穴口大小约为1.8 mm,鸭嘴栽苗后的运动轨迹垂直度较高,满足膜上移栽钵苗直立度高、不撕膜的农艺要求.     

工作静轨迹反求旋转式分插机构齿轮节曲线

为了得到更为理想的旋转式分插机构工作轨迹,做了以下研究:首先,分析旋转式分插机构的工作原理和结构特点;然后,根据秧针工作静轨迹计算相关参数,并设计非圆齿轮节曲线;同时,基于MATLAB开发了由工作静轨迹反求旋转式分插机构非圆齿轮节曲线的辅助分析与计算软件,仿真出由该非圆齿轮节曲线和相关参数得到的新的秧针工作静轨迹。通过2条秧针工作静轨迹对比,验证了该设计方法得到的非圆齿轮节曲线能够较好地满足分插机构工作静轨迹要求,从而为分插机构结构设计提供参考。