植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的表达调控与研究展望

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanineammonia-lyase,PAL,EC4.3.1.5)是催化苯丙烷代谢途径第一步反应的酶,也是这个途径的关键酶,对植物有非常重要的生理意义。根据有关文献综述了植物PAL的分布与定位、酶学性质,总结了生长发育、钝化因子与调节因子、末端产物等内部因素及光、温、机械损伤与生长调节剂等外部因素对PAL的调控作用,得出外部因子是在转录水平上对酶活性实施调控的结论,并运用酶学和分子生物学方面的知识阐述了其调控机理。还着重阐述了PAL酶在果树上的研究现状与进展,并对其今后的研究及在果树上的应用进行了展望。     

含间隙内燃机曲柄滑声机构动力学研究

考虑到含间隙运动副副元素的碰撞接触时的边界条件，采用非线性弹簧力和非线性阻尼描述副无素的碰撞接触过程，以此为基础建立了含间隙内燃机曲柄滑块机构的动力学模型；通过数值仿真研究了运动副间隙对机构动态特性的影响，并指出在机构高运转条件下，运动副元素存在连续变形接触现象。     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)铝毒害与耐性机制及铝毒害的缓解作用

铝 (Al) 毒是广泛存在于热带亚热带地区酸性土壤上的主要的生产力限制因子之一。水稻Al毒害主要发生在新开垦的旱地酸性土壤上。本文较详细地总结了: (1) 水稻发生Al毒的环境条件,水稻Al毒害的可见症状和Al毒害的部位;(2) 水稻耐Al指标,营养元素的吸收与分配对水稻耐受Al毒害的影响,以及Al胁迫下根系分泌物、根际pH的变化等对水稻耐Al的贡献,水稻耐Al基因的定位等;(3) 水稻Al毒害的缓解作用机理及可能的解决措施。最后对水稻Al毒害和水稻耐Al机制研究中存在问题进行了分析探讨,同时对今后的研究作了展望。     

植物根际促生菌作用机制的研究进展

常年施用化肥会对土壤、大气以及水体等产生有害影响,不符合我国农业发展的绿色环保理念。植物根际促生菌（Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria,PGPR）广泛生存在植物根际,是具有生防并起促生作用的有益微生物菌群,对作物生长发挥重要作用,正逐步成为目前的研究热点。本文回顾了PGPR促进植物生长的机制,包括直接促进植物生长作用及间接控制病原菌作用。同时,综述了PGPR菌剂的应用状况。最后,对PGPR的研究重点进行了展望,以期为PGPR生物肥料的研发与应用提供理论支持。     

小麦全蚀病拮抗微生物的分离及其拮抗性能研究

从开封北郊的麦田土壤中分离筛选出11株对小麦全蚀病菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici)有拮抗作用的细菌,通过对它们进行生理生化检验,确定为4个种,即:巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringien-sis)、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)。分别利用平板拮抗和小麦活体拮抗对分离到的11株拮抗菌株的拮抗能力进行检测。结果表明,菌株的平板拮抗能力较强,在活体试验中,可以降低病害的发病强度。     

跨行政区域水污染民事侵害事件解决机制探索

随着工业化、城镇化水平的不断推进,我国跨行政区域水污染民事侵害事件呈现多发态势,由此类纠纷引发的社会矛盾格外引人关注。排污主体的环境外部不经济性、流域水体整体性同行政区划分割的矛盾、现行解决跨行政区域水污染民事侵害事件的相关法律法规存在“缺陷”等因素是导致此类纠纷不能及时、公正、准确解决的原因。以环保法的相关原则及国外经验模式,提出了建立以流域为整体的水环境信息共享与水污染应急处理机制、水污染事故认定与评估机制、水污染事故协调与调解机制、建立公众监督与公益诉讼机制、建立预防排污主体外部不经济性行为发生的机制、构建畅通环境民事侵害纠纷处理渠道的司法机制等。     

Various mechanisms responsible for permethrin metabolic resistance in seven field-collected strains of the German cockroach from Iran, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Insecticide resistance in the German cockroach can be mediated by a number of mechanisms, the most common being enhanced enzymatic metabolism. Seven field-collected strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) with various levels of resistance to pyrethroids, five out of which were also cross-resistant to DDT were used in this study. The investigation of possible mechanisms responsible for permethrin resistance was carried out using the synergists PBO, DEF and DMC and biochemical assays, including general esterases, glutathione S-transeferases and monooxygenases assays, using an automated microtitre plate reader. PBO and DEF, the inhibitors of cytochrome p450 monooxygenases and general esterases, respectively, affected permethrin resistance to varying degrees depending on the strain. DDT resistance in five strains were not completely eliminated by the synergist DMC, an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase enzymes, suggesting that a further non-metabolic resistance mechanism such as kdr-type may be present. This suggestion was further supported by GST assay data, where a little elevation in GST activity was detected in only two strains. The synergist data supported by biochemical assays implicated that cytochrome p450 monooxygenases or hydrolases are involved in permethrin resistance in some strains. However, these results implicated both enhanced oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism of permethrin as resistance mechanism in the other strains. The results of synergist and biochemical studies implicated that all the field-collected permethrin resistant strains have developed diverse mechanisms of resistance, although these strains have been collected from the same geographic area. The change in resistance ratios of some strains by using PBO or DEF is discussed. It is of interest to note that because resistance to permethrin was not completely eliminated by DEF and PBO, it is likely that one or more additional mechanisms are involved in permethrin resistance in every strain studied.     

Involvement of esterases in diazinon resistance and biphasic effects of piperonyl butoxide on diazinon toxicity to Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Resistance to insecticides remains a major problem for the successful control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), one of the most important pests of cattle in many countries including the United States. The organophosphate (OP) insecticide diazinon has been used to control pyrethroid-resistant populations of the horn fly. There are only a few reported cases of horn fly resistance to diazinon in the United States and Mexico. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been used successfully as a synergist of pyrethroid insecticides to control horn flies. PBO-synergized diazinon products are also available for horn fly control in the United States, although PBO is known to inhibit the bio-activation of certain OP insecticides including diazinon. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies using a filter paper bioassay technique. These bioassays in both the susceptible and diazinon-resistant horn fly strains revealed a biphasic effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies. PBO inhibited diazinon toxicity when the PBO concentration used was high (5%), and no effect was observed when PBO concentration was intermediate (2%). However, at low concentrations (1% and lower), PBO significantly synergized diazinon toxicity. We demonstrated that enhanced esterase activity was associated with survivability of horn flies exposed to diazinon alone. PBO has been shown to inhibit esterase activity in other insect species. However, results of biochemical assays with esterases from this study suggest that PBO did not have significant effect on the overall esterase activity in the horn fly. The observed synergistic effect of PBO at lower concentrations on diazinon toxicity to horn flies could not be explained by reduced esterase activity due to PBO inhibition. It is likely that PBO synergized diazinon toxicity at lower concentrations by facilitating penetration of diazinon through the cuticle and/or inhibiting the oxidative detoxification of diazinon, and reduced diazinon toxicity at high PBO concentration by inhibiting the bio-activation of diazinon.     

A review on the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia induced by organophosphorus pesticides

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals used as pesticide. Exposures to OPs cause a significant number of poisonings and deaths each year. One of the reported adverse effects in human exposure to OPs is hyperglycemia. Animal studies have also shown altered glucose homeostasis following acute or chronic exposures to OPs. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief review of the mechanisms involved in the OP-induced glucose homeostasis alteration. To reach this objective, a search of the literature using Medline/Index Medicus, Scopus, and Chemical Abstract were performed, most of relevant citations were studied and summarized. To better understand the nature of glucose homeostasis, the principles of glucose production, metabolism, and its hormonal control have been discussed. Collection of theses studies support the conclusion that hyperglycemia is the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to OPs. OPs can influence body glucose homeostasis by several mechanisms including physiological stress, oxidative stress, inhibition of paraoxonase, nitrosative stress, pancreatitis, inhibition of cholinesterase, stimulation of adrenal gland, and disturbance in metabolism of liver tryptophan.     

构建基于提高师生主观能动性的本科教学激励约束机制

"教"和"学"是本科教学工作的两大核心,教师和学生分别是这两大核心的主体,从主体的心理需求和客观导向入手,以激励和约束为主要方式平衡本科教学的关系,建立适应性和指向性强的激励约束机制,以提高教师和学生的主观能动性,确保本科教学质量和人才培养质量的稳步提升。