岩溶流域典型农业区水体氢氧同位素的空间异质性及形成机制

分别于平水期和枯水期采集了花溪河流域典型农业区地表水和地下水样品。利用氢氧同位素示踪技术,结合土地利用类型对研究区不同水体的补给来源、季节变化及主要影响过程进行了分析,并对不同水体氢氧同位素值进行了空间插值分析,同时对其形成机制进行了分析,阐明了不同土地利用类型影响下的主要水文过程。结果表明:(1)研究区不同水体的主要补给来源为当地大气降水,月亮湖水库受蒸发作用影响明显,地表水和地下水的δD和δ~(18)O整体上呈现平水期高于枯水期的特征。(2)地下水的δD和δ~(18)O在枯水期与平水期均呈现明显的空间分异性特征,西部水田/水库集中区富集,东部旱地集中区贫化,土地利用对研究区环境水文过程影响明显。该研究结果有助于了解不同土地利用方式下地表水对地下水的影响,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

Periodicity and gradients in dispersal ofAlternaria linicola in linseed crops

Conidia ofAlternaria linicola produced on infected linseed crops were mainly dispersed by wind. The numbers of conidia in the air above linseed crops collected by a Burkard spore sampler were greatest between 1200 h and 1300 h, when the relative humidity was lowest. Although numbers of conidia collected decreased with increasing height within and above the crop canopy, air-borneA. linicola conidia were present up to 80 cm above the crop canopy. Conidia ofA. linicola were transported by wind up to at least 40 m downwind from an artificial line inoculum source, but their numbers decreased with increasing distance from the source. In 1991, 1992, and 1993, the dispersal ofA. linicola conidia above linseed crops followed a seasonal periodicity which was influenced by weather conditions and cultural practices. The greatest numbers of conidia were collected during July, August and early September and coincided with periods favourable for sporulation and with an increase in the incidence of the disease in the senescent crop. Air-borneA. linicola conidia produced on point or line inoculum sources (naturally infected linseed stem debris) were responsible for the spread of the disease in linseed crops. In 1992 and 1993, the disease was first detected downwind from the sources, but by the end of the growing seasons, it had spread in all directions and up to 20 m and 60 m from the sources, respectively. Disease gradients were initially steep near the inoculum sources but they became flatter with time due to the secondary spread of the disease.     

山区农业面源污染的防治途径及对策

结合重庆市地形地貌特点和山区农业面源污染发生的因子，提出山区农业面源污染的防治对策。一方面必需结合当地的自然环境条件和经济发展水平提出农业面源污染的防治规划；另一方面必需结合生态农业建设这一主线，使物质、能量在生态系统内良性循环。紧紧抓住产生农业面源污染源的因子——化肥、农药、农田秸杆、畜禽粪便、农村生活废物等，提出科学的防治和减少途径。     

Alternative Route of Infection for Bacterial Seedling Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia plantarii

Burkholderia plantarii , the pathogen of bacterial seedling blight of rice, was detected in paddy water. Its concentration rose in July and August. The bacterial concentration in the paddy water was always higher along levees than at distances more than 5 m from levees. Confirmed to be released into water when graminaceous weeds were immersed, B. plantarii survived for at least 4 days at 30°C. B. plantarii was splashed at least 30 cm upward by rain splash in the field. Harvested seeds, which had been sprayed with B. plantarii released from graminaceous weeds at the flowering stage, retained the bacteria. Bacterial seedling blight occurred when the seeds were then sown in nursery boxes. These results indicated that graminaceous weeds growing on levees of paddy fields are a source of infection of the disease and that rice seeds are infected through the paddy water. Received 23 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 1 September 2002     

不同碳源对虎奶菇菌核蛋白质营养价值的影响

测定了四种碳源对虎奶菇菌核蛋白质营养价值的影响。结果表明，以玉米淀粉为碳源，虎奶薅菌蛋白质的化学评分，必需氨基酸指数，生物价和营养指数分别为11．63、69．80、64．40和9．98，均居四种参试碳源的第一位；氨基酸评分和氨基酸比值系数分分别为14．55和12．45，均居四种参试碳源的第二位，这些结果证实，以玉米淀粉为碳源，虎奶菇菌核蛋白质营养价值高，值得推广应用。     

苹果粗皮病与锰含量的关系

对胶东半岛部分发生苹果粗皮病(IBN)的果园的土壤和植株进行了分析测定,结果表明:发生苹果粗皮病的果园土壤有效锰含量较高,而且粗皮病严重果园高于粗皮病较轻果园。发生粗皮病的苹果树花器官中锰含量较高,粗皮病最严重的姜格庄果园苹果树花器官中锰平均含量比观水镇高出139.28mg/kg,比季家埠重病园和轻病园分别高122.34和182.19mg/kg。从4月到10月,苹果粗皮病逐渐加重,叶片中锰含量逐步增高。10月份姜格庄果园最高锰含量达1717.85mg/kg,平均锰含量达1119.69mg/kg,而粗皮病较轻的季家埠果园则仅306.03mg/kg,前者比后者高265.88%。对不同部位锰含量测定表明,锰含量在叶片中最高,其次是韧皮部,木质部最低。表明胶东半岛苹果粗皮病的发生是因为锰过量。可能是土壤锰含量高,pH值低,降雨多,施肥不合理等,造成土壤锰有效性增加.导致树体吸收过量而出现粗皮病害。     

白石水库水源富营养化评价及供水可靠性分析

本文在对白石水库水源富营养化进行评价的基础上,对水库供水可靠性进行了分析.从现状水质评价结果看,白石水库的水质满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅲ类用水水质要求,可以作为集中式生活饮用水水源地和工业用水水源地.经过水量调节计算,可知白石水库供水水质是可靠的.     

宁夏枸杞徒长枝青贮研究

枸杞(Lycium bararum)徒长枝是枸杞种植中的废弃物,但含有丰富的营养成分和药用成分,将其开发为青贮中药饲料添加剂是变废为宝的途径之一。本研究以糖蜜、麸皮、玉米(Zea mays)粉为糖源,以亚芯、君安酵宝、益加益、农富康为菌剂,通过比较不同糖源和菌剂青贮的枸杞徒长枝的感官评价得分、营养成分和药用成分等品质特性,探索适合枸杞徒长枝青贮的商品菌剂和糖源。结果表明:3种糖源青贮中酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和氨态氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05),而添加糖蜜的粗蛋白(1.18%)、粗灰分(12.77%)、干物质(30.5%)、乳酸(123.75μg·g^-1)、多糖(27.89 mg·g^-1)、甜菜碱(6.47 mg·g^-1)和黄酮(1.15 mg·g^-1)含量最高,显著高于其余两个处理(P<0.05);4种菌剂和自然青贮的干物质、氨态氮的含量之间无显著差异(P>0.05),亚芯菌剂与自然青贮的粗蛋白和酸性洗涤纤维的含量之间无显著差异(P>0.05);但粗蛋白(1.96%)、酸性洗涤纤维(75.52%)、中性洗涤纤维(73.86%)、水溶性碳水化合物(259.19 mg·g^-1)、乳酸(145.82μg·g^-1)、多糖(27.27 mg·g^-1)含量以自然青贮为最高,且显著高于其余处理(P<0.05)。糖蜜是枸杞徒长枝青贮最佳添加糖源,自然青贮枸杞徒长枝是最佳青贮方式。