珠江上游水资源配置及持续利用对策研究

 珠江流域在云南省境内部分是该省重要的工农业经济区,地区生产总值、工业增加值分别占全省的30.1%,42.7%,它们和人均GDP都是全省水平的1.5倍。已基本形成以蓄水工程为主、引提水等为辅的供水结构,但人均水资源量不足,现状南盘江及主要支流部分河段水质为Ⅴ类水体,高原湖泊水环境质量不容乐观。以MIKE BASIN为技术平台,通过水资源节约保护、高效利用,进行供需水预测、合理配置研究。并就影响水资源持续利用的主要问题如节约用水、水资源保护、应对突发性水污染事件、应对气候变化及极端气候事件、建立河流生态补偿机制等进行了探讨。     

Suitability of common models to estimate hydrology and diffuse water pollution in North-eastern German lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use

Various process-based models are extensively being used to analyze and forecast catchment hydrology and water quality. However, it is always important to select the appropriate hydrological and water quality modeling tools to predict and analyze the watershed and also consider their strengths and weaknesses. Different factors such as data availability, hydrological, hydraulic, and water quality processes and their desired level of complexity are crucial for selecting a plausible modeling tool. This review is focused on suitable model selection with a focus on desired hydrological, hydraulic and water quality processes (nitrogen fate and transport in surface, subsurface and groundwater bodies) by keeping in view the typical lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use, higher groundwater tables, and decreased retention times due to the provision of artificial drainage. In this study, four different physically based, partially and fully distributed integrated water modeling tools, SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), SWIM (soil and water integrated model), HSPF (hydrological simulation program– FORTRAN) and a combination of tools from DHI (MIKE SHE coupled with MIKE 11 and ECO Lab), have been reviewed particularly for the Tollense River catchment located in North-eastern Germany. DHI combined tools and SWAT were more suitable for simulating the desired hydrological processes, but in the case of river hydraulics and water quality, the DHI family of tools has an edge due to their integrated coupling between MIKE SHE, MIKE 11 and ECO Lab. In case of SWAT, it needs to be coupled with another tool to model the hydraulics in the Tollense River as SWAT does not include backwater effects and provision of control structures. However, both SWAT and DHI tools are more data demanding in comparison to SWIM and HSPF. For studying nitrogen fate and transport in unsaturated, saturated, and river zone, HSPF was a better model to simulate the desired nitrogen transformation and transport processes. However, for nitrogen dynamics and transformations in shallow streams, ECO Lab had an edge due its flexibility for inclusion of user-desired water quality parameters and processes. In the case of SWIM, most of the input data and governing equations are similar to SWAT but it does not include water bodies (ponds and lakes), wetlands and drainage systems. In this review, only the processes that were needed to simulate the Tollense River catchment were considered, however the resulted model selection criteria can be generalized to other lowland catchments in Australia, North-western Europe and North America with similar complexity.     

平原河网区排涝计算研究

行洪排涝是平原河网区汛期的重要任务。利用MIKE11模型中的HD模块,以江苏省泗洪县城区水系为实例,建立了一维水动力学模型,并利用产汇流计算确定了模型的边界条件,对20年一遇暴雨条件下的城区河网水量进行了模拟计算。结果表明,在现有的排涝设施条件下,泗洪县城区河网能够满足设计暴雨下的排涝要求。     

基于MIKE BASIN的汕尾市水资源优化配置

在对汕尾市水文水资源情况调查分析基础上,基于MIKE BASIN数字平台构建了汕尾市水资源优化配置模拟模型。采用四级流域套县为计算单元,以河流、水库和山塘为供水水源,对基准年与规划水平年(2020年)在不同保证率下、不同需水推荐方案和供水推荐方案情况下,分别进行水资源供需平衡分析,从而使得城镇生活用水、农村生活用水、工业用水和农业灌溉用水及生态用水获得优化配置,以满足汕尾市规划水平年各类需水要求。     

基于MIKE建模的城市生态公园行洪能力分析

[目的]预测并分析工程对河道行洪能力变化的影响,为城市生态公园工程防洪影响评价提供研究技术方法。[方法]基于MIKE 21建立城市生态公园工程河段的平面二维水流数学模型,以渭河宝鸡段为例,选取1954型洪水过程验证模型合理性,模拟3种典型流量下河道流场和水位的变化特征,讨论城市生态公园修建后对河道行洪能力的安全影响。[结果]3种典型流量洪水下沿线水位均低于堤顶高程,对城市行洪安全不构成威胁,因此行洪安全可以保证。但由于河道行洪宽度变窄左岸流速增大,加剧了对岸堤的冲刷,采取岸堤加固措施是极为必要的。[结论]河道形状的改变会影响水的流态,水流速度过大会影响河堤结构稳定性,最终影响河道的行洪能力。     

无为大堤防洪保护区河道建模方法研究

使用MIKE软件对地形数据进行网格剖分时,河道易被概化失去其原有的行洪能力。【目的】寻找合适的河道建模方法。【方法】通过总结三角形网格方案、混合型网格方案、一二维耦合方案共3种建模方案,并分别建立模型,对结果进行了对比分析。【结果】三角形网格方案建模时,河道易被概化失去过水能力;混合型网格方案建模时,河道过水能力接近实际,但河岸与保护区接边处易发散;一二维耦合方案建模时,河道过水能力较好,但易忽略堤防薄弱处的洪水风险。三角形网格方案宜在计算精度要求高、计算时间充足时,将河道网格加密后使用;混合型网格方案建模时,河岸处理过程复杂,但计算速度较加密后的三角形网格方案约提高2倍,是替代三角形网格的重要方案之一;一二维耦合方案建模时,计算速度较加密后的三角形网格方案约提高5倍,但计算精度取决于断面间距的选取,宜在河道堤防高程差别不大时使用。【结论】河道作为保护区内的主要行洪通道,建模方案的选择会改变其行洪能力的强弱,进而必然影响洪水风险分析结果,可根据分析区域的特点选择合适的建模方法。     

黄水沟调水工程对博斯腾湖矿化度影响分析

黄水沟调水工程改变博斯腾湖水动力条件,引起湖区及下游水体矿化度改变.为探讨工程影响极其适宜的运行方式,采用MIKE21软件构建水动力水质二维数值模型并设计不同情景方案.模拟结果显示:工程运行可降低全湖矿化度并改善矿化度空间分布不均,当调水量为3亿m3/a时效果最优,全湖年均矿化度可降低86 mg/L,缓解博斯腾湖咸化风...     

基于MIKE21模型的长江中环排污口水质影响分析

入河排污口设置论证工作对于预防流域水污染、保护长江水生态环境有重要意义。入河污染物的排放影响分析是排污口设置论证的重要工作之一。采用MIKE-21模型,建立了荆州中环污水处理厂排污口所在长江河段二维水动力学和水质扩散模型,模拟污水中COD、BOD5、氨氮等主要污染物在长江河段中的迁移和扩散情况,分析污水排放对长江水质的影响范围和影响程度。结果表明:MIKE-21模型对入河污染物的扩散过程模拟精度较高,模拟成果合理,基本反映了排污口污水排放对所在江段的水质影响情况,可作为排污口设置论证的参考依据。     

Mike 21在垃圾发电厂温排水数值模拟中的应用

以长江常熟段为例,基于Mike 21水动力模型,模拟了3种不同水文情况下常熟垃圾发电厂温水团的运移扩散过程。根据模拟结果可对电厂温排水的影响范围和程度作出定量预测,发现Mike 21应用于温排水数字模拟是可行的。     

海岛地区小流域暴雨洪涝灾害模拟研究

[目的] 对海岛地区小流域暴雨洪涝灾害进行模拟研究，为该类地区后续开发建设以及防洪排涝治理工作的顺利开展提供技术支撑。[方法] 选取浙江省舟山市朱家尖岛为研究对象，根据设计暴雨及设计和校核潮位资料，运用MIKE构建了一维河网模型、二维水动力模型以及MIKE FLOOD耦合计算模型，对比分析两种方案的淹没面积和水深、典型河道断面水位以及重点区域洪水演进过程。[结果] 相对于设计暴雨及设计潮位条件下的方案1（94降雨+实测潮位），设计暴雨及校核潮位条件下的方案2（94降雨+极限潮位）在相对高水位时刻淹没面积更大，最大淹没深度更深。[结论] 朱家尖流域内河流比降大，汇流时间短，流域调蓄能力差，抵抗暴雨产生的洪涝灾害的能力较弱。特别是暴雨遭受天文大潮时，研究区域受灾程度更重。