分子标记辅助选育小麦抗白粉病、优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基聚合体

现代小麦育种的目标是选育丰产、综合抗逆性好的优质小麦新品种,将分子标记技术与传统育种方法相结合可以大大提高育种效率.本研究利用与小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21紧密连锁的共显性PCR标记、以及优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基1Dx5 1Dy10特异的PCR标记对以小麦品种安农94212、安农92484为优质亲本和以抗白粉病小麦簇毛麦易位系为抗病亲本的杂交高代材料进行标记位点的检测,结合田间抗病性鉴定结果,筛选、培育出聚合有Pm21和1Dx5 1Dy10的抗白粉病小麦聚合体,为小麦抗病、优质育种提供了具有重要利用价值的中间材料.     

Molecular mapping of a dominant genic male sterility gene Ms in rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Rs1046AB is a genic male sterile two‐type line in rapeseed that has great potential for hybrid seed production. The sterility of this line is conditioned by the interaction of two genes, i.e. the dominant genic male sterility gene (Ms) and the suppressor gene (Rf). The present study was undertaken to identify DNA markers for the Ms locus in a BC₁ population developed from a cross between a male‐sterile plant in Rs1046AB and the fertile canola‐type cultivar ‘Samourai’. Bulked segregant analysis was performed using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) methodology. From the survey of 480 AFLP primer combinations, five AFLP markers (P10M13₃₅₀, P13M8₄₀₀, P6M6₄₁₀, E7M1₂₃₀ and E3M15₁₀₀) tightly linked to the target gene were identified. Two of them, E3M15₁₀₀ and P6M6₄₁₀, located the closest, at either side of Ms at a distance of 3.7 and 5.9 cM, respectively. The Ms locus was subsequently mapped on linkage group LG10 in the map developed in this laboratory, adding two additional markers weakly linked to it. This suite of markers will be valuable in designing a marker‐assisted genic male sterility three‐line breeding programme.     

Persimmon breeding in Japan for pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) type with marker-assisted selection

Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki) originated in Eastern Asia, and many indigenous cultivars have been developed in China, Japan, and Korea. These cultivars are classified into four groups based on their natural astringency loss on the tree and seed formation: pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA), pollination-variant non-astringent (PVNA), pollination-constant astringent (PCA), and pollination-variant astringent (PVA). PCNA is the most desirable type because the fruit can be eaten without any postharvest treatment; therefore, one of the goals of our persimmon breeding programs is to release superior PCNA cultivars. The PCNA genotype is recessive to the other three non-PCNA genotypes, and PCNA-type F₁ offspring are obtained exclusively from crosses among PCNA genotypes. Moreover, the number of superior PCNA cross-parents have been limited. In the late 1980s, inbreeding depression became obvious, especially in terms of fruit size, tree vigor, and productivity. To mitigate the inbreeding, a backcross program using PCNA [(non-PCNA × PCNA) × PCNA] was started in 1990. This process, however, was inefficient because only 15% of the offspring were PCNA, and all offspring had to be grown to the fruiting stage. Therefore, molecular markers linked to the PCNA locus were developed for discriminating PCNA offspring. A molecular marker linked to Chinese PCNA has also been developed.     

分子标记辅助选育抗稻白叶枯病的低温敏核不育系3178S

本研究以IRBB21为Xa21基因供体，籼型低温敏不育系399S为低温核不育系基因供体，采用杂交和回交方法，逐代用分子标记检测手段，导入广谱抗白叶枯病基因Xa21和低温敏核不育系基因，聚合双亲的有利性状，育成抗白叶枯病的籼型低温敏核不育系3178S，其抗性达到了IRBB21的抗性水平，且保持了399S稳定的育性和双亲的优良经济性状。     

猪育种中DNA标记辅助选择方法的研究进展

DNA标记辅助选择（简称MAS）为猪的育种提供了一个新的突破性方法,作者将从MAS的原理和实施方案、猪的基因图谱、猪育种中的若干重要DNA标记、MAS应用效果的理论研究和MAS应用实践等方面,综述其在猪育种中的应用研究进展。     

小麦4B染色体上LOX基因的等位变异及其区域分布

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）活性相关基因TaLox-B1的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测。结果表明：在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a（与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b（与低LOX活性相关）和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％。小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异：基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1%、19.8%和17.6%;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9%、72.5%;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2%、12.4%和9.8%。利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4%。采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育。     

分子标记辅助选择培育抗稻瘟病恢复系R1198

通过有限回交、自交,并结合分子标记辅助选择,将广谱抗稻瘟病种质H4的一个主效抗病基因Pi46(t)转育到强恢复系广恢998中,从BC2F4代群体中选育到一个株叶型较好的单株,命名为R1198。分析结果表明,R1198比广恢998的抗谱明显拓宽,两者农艺性状大体接近,但仍存在一定的差异。     

标记辅助选择在动物育种中的研究进展

随着生物科学的不断发展,遗传标记辅助选择(MAS)已经在动物改良中获得了较大的遗传进展,其中最关键的环节是识别有效的遗传标记,即这一标记应与控制这些数量性状的基因(QTL)处于连锁不平衡(linkagedise-quilibrium)状态。目前遗传标记技术在动物遗传育种中的研究已取得一定进展。     

三维碎片拼合的轮廓提取和特征点检测

针对三维空间碎片的拼接,提出一种轮廓提取和特征点检测的方法。首先,采用一种简单、有效的方法来构建三维碎片数据的拓扑关系,并在此基础上提取碎片的轮廓曲线。对存在缺陷、拓扑关系难以建立的三维测量数据,中给出了相应的修改、调整方法。同时,提出了一种对轮廓进行重采样的方法来计算空间轮廓上每一点的曲率和挠率。将曲率和挠率相结合得出轮廓曲线上各点的全曲率,然后由全曲率值来检测碎片轮廓的特征点。轮廓曲线的描述就由其上每一点的曲率和挠率以及特征点来表征。实验表明了该算法的有效性和稳定性。     

The value of vegetation cover for ecosystem services in the suburban context

Latin-American cities can be characterized by dynamic processes of urbanization that encroach upon the natural and semi-natural surrounding landscapes. Our study presents the effects of landscape development, transformed from semi-natural conditions into a mostly disperse suburban settlement. We explore the impact that this transformation has had on this context by three ecosystem services that regulate rainwater runoff, enhance microclimate conditions and help to improve air quality by monitoring vegetation cover. We have designed a spatio-temporal hierarchical analysis which employs remote sensing techniques to capture the structural changes of this landscape over long, medium and short term scales on two spatial levels. This methodological approach was tested in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS) as case study area. Despite of the increase in impervious surfaces due to urban processes, there has also been an increase in vegetation cover, which has led to an improvement in the provision of the above-mentioned ecosystem services. Hence, if diverse urbanization processes continue and they are coupled with an increase in vegetation cover, the provision of ecosystem services could also expand. This phenomenon can be observed in some areas, where public and private green spaces are created and maintained. Our data analyses give evidence that certain types of suburban areas which increase the share of vegetation cover can provide daily ecological benefits for urban neighborhoods, and beyond, for adjacent areas. Moreover, suburban development can successfully provide ecological benefits to citizens. Such processes can only be ecologically sustainable if the composition of vegetation is well-adapted to the regional climatic conditions.