北京低收入农户增收的产业政策及成效研究

解决低收入农户增收问题是一项复杂的系统工程,目前北京市促进低收入农户增收的产业政策效果明显,但是也存在一些问题。借鉴东部发达地区的成功经验,今后北京市在解决低收入农户增收问题上既要大力挖掘农业内部增收潜力,又要在农业外部寻求增收途径;既要全方位开辟农民就业、增收的渠道和领域,又要实行分类指导,突出重点;既要从当前出发采取能尽快见效的具体措施,又要着眼于长远效果,从而探索低收入农户增收问题的治本之策。     

Accessing food resources: Rural and urban patterns of giving and getting food

Reciprocity and redistribution economies are often used by low-income households to increase access to food, adequate diets, and food security. A United States study of two high poverty rural counties and two low-income urban neighborhoods reveal poor urban households are more likely to access food through the redistribution economy than poor rural households. Reciprocal nonmarket food exchanges occur more frequently in low-income rural households studied compared to low-income urban ones. The rural low-income purposeful sample was significantly more likely to give food to family, friends, and neighbors and obtain food such as fish, meat, and garden produce from friends and family compared to the urban low-income group. Further, 58% of the low-income rural group had access to garden produce while only 23% of the low-income urban group reported access. In a rural random sample of the whole population in the two high poverty counties access to garden produce increased chances of attaining recommended vegetable and fruit servings controlling for income, education, and age. Access to a garden also significantly increased the variety of fruits and vegetables in diets.

农民增收问题研究--农村低收入户现状分析及增收对策的思考

农村低收入户群体是制约农民增收的重要因素和突出矛盾,这一阶层作为社会的弱势群体已经引起社会各方面的高度关注．利用农村住户抽样调查资料,将农村的低收入户作为一个阶层,从主导产业、收入渠道、货币化程度、生产要素、人口状况及文化素质等方面进行分析和探讨,在分析其现状、特征及成因的基础上,着重提出了促进农村低收入户收入增长的具体措施．     

Fruit and vegetable access in four low-income food deserts communities in Minnesota

Access to fruits and vegetables by low-income residents living in selected urban and rural Minnesotan communities was investigated. Communities were selected based on higher than state average poverty rates, limited access to grocery stores, and urban influence codes (USDA ERS codes). Four communities, two urban and two rural, were selected. Data were gathered from focus group discussions (n = 41), responses to a consumer survey (n = 396 in urban neighborhoods and n = 400 in rural communities), and an inventory of foodstuffs available at stores located in all the communities and at large grocery stores in neighborhoods adjacent to the urban communities. In the two urban neighborhoods, a significant number of foods (26% and 52%) were significantly more expensive than the Thrifty Food Plan’s (TFP) market basket price (MBP). Additionally, a significant number of foods in the two rural communities were more expensive (11% and 26%). In focus groups, participants identified major barriers to shopping in their community to be cost, quality of food, and food choice limitations. Results of the food inventory show that foods within the communities were costly, of fair or poor quality, and limited in number and type available, supporting complaints verbalized by focus group participants. Through focus groups and surveys, participants expressed concern that healthy food choices were not affordable within their communities and believed that people in their community suffered from food insecurity. The absence of quality, affordable food for low-income residents in these four Minnesota communities prevents or diminishes their ability to choose foods that help maintain a healthy lifestyle. Deja Hendrickson is currently a graduate student at the University of California and working towards obtaining her MS in nutrition in order to become a registered dietitian. Chery Smith, PhD, MPH, RD, is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Minnesota with research interests in the dietary behavior of low-income and homeless people, community and international nutrition, and food systems. Nicole Eikenberry is a Registered Dietitian and recently completed her MS in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, with primary research emphasis on food access and food choice for low-income Minnesotan adults.     

促进低收入农户就业创业对策研究——以温州市为例

浙江省温州市是改革发展的前沿，是计划经济转型到市场经济的典型。虽然温州市经济水平相对较高，但全市仍有139个欠发达乡镇，其中45．0％的家庭收入低于全国平均水平。对低收入农户在就业与创业方面存在的问题进行了调查，并从政策等方面提出促进欠发达地区低收入农户就业创业的对策措施。     

A field trial of the effect of improved piglet management on smallholder sow productivity in the Philippines

We conducted a randomised, controlled field trial during 1998/1999 to evaluate the hypothesis that improved piglet management would improve the reproductive performance of smallholder sows. Simple changes were introduced into the treatment herds including the construction of a heated piglet-separation pen, vitamin injections, creep feeding and early weaning. The control herds were unchanged. Data were collected from all sows in each enrolled herd over two farrowings. We enrolled 176 sows, including 170 (96 treatment and 74 control) sows that remained throughout the study period. Significant differences in the reproductive performance of treatment and control sows were recorded for interfarrowing interval (median 176 versus 220 days), average number liveborn over 2 litters (11 versus 12), and average preweaning mortality over 2 litters (0 versus 37%). Based on a discount rate of 17%, the benefit–cost ratio of the treatment was 11.1 and 12.1 over 3 and 5 years, respectively.