羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究：枯枝落叶积累对草原生态环境及生产力的作用

枯枝落叶积累可改变原生态环境，地表温度、土壤ＰＨ值积累量呈线性负相关，蒸发量、土壤容重与积累量呈指数负相关，土壤水分、土壤孔隙度与积累量呈线性正相关，枯枝落叶积累可为植物生长创造良好的生境。土壤中主要营养物质随着枯枝落叶积累均有明显提高当积累量达６００ｇ／ｍ＾２时，有机质、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量分别比无枯枝落叶层提高１．８倍、８８．２％、２．１５倍和３７％。枯枝落叶积累对草原生产力有促进作用，在一定范围内     

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.     

Plant carbon inputs and environmental factors strongly affect soil respiration in a subtropical forest of southwestern China

Soil respiration is a large component of global carbon fluxes, so it is important to explore how this carbon flux varies with environmental factors and carbon inputs from plants. As part of a long-term study on the chemical and biological effects of aboveground litterfall denial, root trenching and tree-stem girdling, we measured soil respiration for three years in plots where those treatments were applied singly and in combination. Tree-stem girdling terminates the flow of carbohydrates from canopy, but allows the roots to continue water and nutrient uptake. After carbon storage below the stem girdles is depleted, the girdled trees die. Root trenching immediately terminates root exudates as well as water and nutrient uptake. Excluding aboveground litterfall removes soil carbon inputs, but allows normal root functions to continue. We found that removing aboveground litterfall and the humus layer reduced soil respiration by more than the C input from litter, a respiration priming effect. When this treatment was combined with stem girdling, root trenching or those treatments in combination, the change in soil respiration was indistinguishable from the loss of litterfall C inputs. This suggests that litterfall priming occurs only when normal root processes persist. Soil respiration was significantly related to temperature in all treatment combinations, and to soil water content in all treatments except stem girdling alone, and girdling plus trenching. Aboveground litterfall was a significant predictor of soil respiration in control, stem-girdled, trenched and stem-girdled plus trenching treatments. Stem girdling significantly reduced soil respiration as a single factor, but root trenching did not. These results suggest that in addition to temperature, aboveground carbon inputs exert strong controls on forest soil respiration.     

杉木凋落物及其生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内的杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,设置单独添加生物炭、单独添加凋落物以及混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理,进行一年的室内培养实验,研究不同添加物处理对土壤性质及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与对照(S)相比,单独添加凋落物与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)总量、真菌丰度以及真菌/细菌比值显著增加;单独添加生物炭与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌比值显著增加。混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理的放线菌丰度显著高于单独添加凋落物处理的。主成分分析表明,不同添加物处理的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;典范对应分析表明,不同添加物处理通过改变土壤p H、全碳、全氮、C/N、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)等性质,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。     

Contribution of termites to the breakdown of straw under Sahelian conditions

 The effect of termites on the breakdown of Pennisetum pedicellatum straw under Sahelian conditions was studied in northern Burkina Faso during the dry and wet seasons of 1995. Litterbags were laid on plots treated with drieldrin at a rate of 500 g a.i. (active ingredient) ha^–1 to exclude termite activity and on untreated plots. Termites were the only macroscopically visible consumers which were observed in the litterbags during the dry and wet season. In litterbags with no termites present the rate of breakdown of straw was lower during both the dry or wet seasons than in litterbags with termites. In the litterbags with termites, much of the mulch was taken off and replaced by termite-made sheeting. From April to September over 60% of the added material disappeared from termite litterbags, while only 18% of the added straw disappeared from litterbags without termites. From October to December, 28% of the straw disappeared from termite-infested litterbags versus 8% from litterbags without termites. The contribution of termites to the breakdown of straw was estimated to be over 70% for each of the two experiments. Under Sahelian conditions, the breakdown of organic residues is strongly influenced by termites. Received: 6 May 1998     

Impacts of anthropogenic N additions on nitrogen mineralization from plant litter in exotic annual grasslands

Urban regions of southern California receive up to 45 kg N ha^-1 y^-1 from nitrogen (N) deposition. A field decomposition study was done using ¹⁵N-labelled litter of the widespread exotic annual grass Bromus diandrus to determine whether elevated soil N is strictly from N deposition or whether N mineralization rates from litter are also increased under N deposition. Tissue N and lignin concentrations, which are inversely related in field sites with high and low N deposition, determine the rate at which N moves from plant litter to soil and becomes available to plants. The effect of soil N on N movement from litter to soil was tested by placing litter on high and low N soil in a factorial experiment with two levels of litter N and two levels of soil N. The litter quality changes associated with N deposition resulted in faster rates of N cycling from litter to soil. Concentrations of litter-derived N in total N, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, microbial N and organic N were all higher from high N/low lignin litter than from low N/high lignin litter. Litter contributed more N to soil NH₄⁺ and microbial N in high N than low N soil. At the end of the study, N mineralized from high N litter on high N soil accounted for 46% of soil NH₄⁺ and 11% of soil NO₃⁻, compared to 35% of soil NH₄⁺ and 6% of soil NO₃⁻ from low N litter on low N soil. The study showed that in high N deposition areas, elevated inorganic soil N concentrations at the end of the summer N deposition season are a result of N mineralized from plant litter as well as from N deposition.     

荒漠草原建群种及其枯落物的C、N、P生态化学计量特征

以希拉穆仁草原建群种羊草(Leymuschinensis)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora Griseb)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens nevski)及其枯落物为研究对象,通过测定其C、N、P质量分数,并计算生态化学计量比,分析建群种养分限制格局及养分再吸收规律。结果表明:①植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数均值分别为398.74、24.41、1.55 g/kg,枯落物的为362.53、14.79、1.17 g/kg,3种植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数与其枯落物的差异显著(P<0.05)。②植物在枯落之前会将养分转移,防止养分的流失,N、P的养分再吸收效率范围分别在13.51%~77.49%、2.65%~49.51%,N的回流率大于P,进而使其具备了较强的适应干旱环境的能力。③3种植物叶片的N/P、C/N、C/P变化范围分别在11.81~21.70、15.76~16.59、195.47~273.37,枯落物的变化范围分别在7.72~17.05、17.71~64.46、215.43~487.46,3种植物叶片与枯落物的N/P、C/P差异显著(P<0.05)。④植物叶片N/P均值为16.95,枯落物N/P均值为12.31,说明植物的生长主要受P的限制。研究结果可为荒漠草原提供草地管理指导。     

不同封育时间闽粤栲群落凋落物特征研究

分析了不同封育时间闽粤栲群落的凋落物特征随不同立地条件的变化规律.结果表明:不同封育时间闽粤栲群落每hm2凋落物干重、每t干物质持水量及每hm2凋落物持水量随立地因子变化较小,t检验结果表明:每hm2凋落物持水量达到显著水平.从不同封育时间来看,封育20年后闽粤栲群落的凋落物每hm2凋落物干重、每t干物质持水量及每hm2凋落物持水量比封育10年后闽粤栲群落均有较大幅度提高,其中封育20年后凹形每hm2凋落物干重、每hm2凋落物持水量与封育10年后凹形每hm2凋落物持水量差异达到显著水平,凸形每hm2凋落物干重、每hm2凋落物持水量则达到极显著水平.     

饲粮中添加叶酸对乐平母猪繁殖性能的影响

本研究选用本地猪种乐平花猪以探讨饲粮中添加叶酸对繁殖母猪的作用效应。２７头经产母猪根据年龄、胎次与系祖来源随机分为３个处理组，即在妊娠和哺乳期基础日粮中分别添加叶酸０（作为对照）、２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果表明：添加叶酸提高了总窝产仔数、窝产活仔数及４０日龄育成数（Ｐ＜０．１或Ｐ＜０．０５），尤其是添加叶酸６ｍｇ／ｋｇ组的总窝产仔数和窝产活仔数分别提高了１．８９头和１．３４头；３个处理组的仔猪平均初生体重没有明显差异（Ｐ＞０．２５），但是初生窝重及４０日龄断奶窝重随着补充叶酸的增加而明显地增加（Ｐ＜０．１或Ｐ＜０．０１）。虽然各处理组的母猪在繁殖周期各阶段的体重没有变化（Ｐ＞０．２５）。，但添加叶酸组母猪的孕期增重及哺乳期掉膘却趋向于增加，且母猪妊娠期的增重愈多，其哺乳期掉膘亦愈多。本研究结果证明，在母猪妊娠和哺乳期基础饲粮中添加适宜剂量的叶酸，通过增加其窝产活仔数可以进一步发挥乐平母猪较高的生产性能