不同替代能源密集烤房烟叶烘烤效能对比研究

[目的]探索烟叶烘烤燃煤的替代能源。[方法]对生物质压块、生物质颗粒和醇基3类燃料与常规燃料(褐煤)的烟叶烘烤效能进行对比研究。[结果]3种替代能源在燃烧烟气中主要污染物的排放明显低于常规燃料,烘烤过程中升温速度、稳温性能明显提高(除生物质压块外),整个烘烤工艺时间可缩短6~14 h,对初烤烟叶外观质量无明显影响;醇基燃料成本较高,烘烤综合成本约是褐煤成本的2.4倍,经济效益较差。[结论]生物质颗粒燃料可作为常规燃料(褐煤)的替代能源应用于烟叶实际烘烤工艺中。     

Phosphorus and iron erosion from non-vegetated sites in a post-mining landscape,Lusatia, Germany: Impact on aborning mining lakes

Particulate phosphorus (P) can be transported via soil erosion in overland flow to waters, where it provides a long-term source of P for aquatic biota, and can accelerate freshwater eutrophication. Hence, knowledge of P sources is important for good environmental management. However, data on P, and related Fe, losses from various structures of a post-mining landscape are lacking. A year-long monitoring, and ten short rainfall simulations on plot scale, at ridges and rills and a combination of them, revealed high erosion from bare lignite mining dumps at Schlabendorf-North, Lusatia, Germany. The mean annual soil erosion rate from the year-long monitoring site was 18 × 10⁶ kg km^− 2 yr^− 1, corresponding to 0.034 g m^− 2 min^− 1. The erosion rates were lowest at rill plots (1.9–4.4 g m^− 2 min^− 1), intermediate at ridge plots (14.3–37.1 g m^− 2 min^− 1), and highest at a combined rill and ridge plot (48.7–63.4 g m^− 2 min^− 1). These differences in extent were due to small scale differences in morphology and extreme water repellency. The hydrophobicity leads to very low infiltration, thus generating surface runoff even at low rainfall intensities. Loss rates of P and Fe, as deduced from the year-long erosion rate, were 470–650 kg km^− 2 yr^− 1, and 37.9 × 10³–71 × 10³ kg km^− 2 yr^− 1 respectively. However, these P inputs from lignite mining dump erosion, consisting of P-poor (17–90 μg g^− 1) tertiary spoil materials, into aborning mining lakes, are negligible since they are accompanied by high Fe inputs, which favour an efficient P co-precipitation in the water column.     

Lignite pre-treatment and its effect on bio-stimulative properties of respective lignite humic acids

Humic acids originating from South-Moravian lignite were subjected to a comparative study with the aim to assess the alteration of their physico-chemical properties after various lignite pre-treatments. Physical modification was achieved with two organic acids, such as acetic acid and citric acid and chemical modification by nitric acid and hydrogene peroxide in various concentrations. Elemental analysis, solid-state NMR, GC–MS analysis of polyols and size exclusion chromatography were carried out for chemical–physical characterization of obtained humic acids. Their biological effect, in form of potassium and ammonium humates, was tested on maize (Zea mays) seedlings. In these tests, potassium humates achieved far better overall results than ammonium humates. Results were inter-correlated in order to appraise the influence of humic acids physical and chemical properties on biological activity. Surprisingly, fractions with the lowest molecular size (0–35 kDa) showed no correlation with bioactivity results (Pearson coefficient from 0.05 to −0.4). On the contrary, middle-sized fractions (35–175 kDa) showed highly significant positive correlation (Pearson coefficient up to 0.92) and the highest molecular-size-fractions (275–350 kDa) showed negative correlation (Pearson coefficient up to −0.75). These findings were identical for both potassium and ammonium humates. No connection was found between bioactivity of humates and polyols content which was remarkably high; it reached 150 mg per g of humic acids in the most extreme case of 5% hydrogene peroxide pre-treatment. In the final analysis, the preparation mode bore pivotal responsibility for the control of humic acids biological effect and showed the best results for potassium humates obtained from lignite pre-treated by acetic acid and by 2% hydrogen peroxide.     

Development of pollution-neutralizing properties in very young mine soils

Various properties capable of neutralizing environmental pollution (aggregate stability, buffer capacity and ion adsorption capacity) were determined in spoil from a lignite mine in Galicia (northwest Spain) and in mine soils of four and seven years age developed from this spoil. Buffer capacity and the adsorption of copper, cadmium and phosphate increased markedly with soil age, whereas the dispersion ratios of both macro- and micro-aggregates decreased sharply. These changes are attributed to the known increase in organic matter and extractable iron and aluminium. These components aid interparticle binding and create both exchange sites and specific adsorption sites. The ultimate causes are thought to be the successful establishment of an active field plant cover, the considerable colloid content of the parent material, the management of the mine soils and the climatic conditions of the area, which favour both the accumulation of soil organic matter and the weathering of the parent material.     

Modifications of the phosphorus cycle with development of lignite mine soils

Various aspects of the P cycle in four and seven year old soils from the Meirama lignite mine (northwest Spain) were studied. With increasing soil age, The organic P (P_o) content increased in parallel with the organic matter content. the observed increase in secondary inorganic P (Bic—P_i + NaOH-P_i + us-NaOH P_i) is related to the increase in the retention capacity for P with soil age. the observed increase in the HCl-P fraction can be attributed to a gradual dissolution of the non-extractable forms of P produced from fertilizers added in the course of spoil management. Both the C:P_o ratio and phosphatase activity also increased with soil age, suggesting that biochemical mineralization processes are taking place and indicating a need for the hydrolysis of phosphate esters to ensure an adequate phosphorus supply to plants. All these findings suggest that in the long term plants May, suffer a pronounced P deficiency.     

Microbial use of lignite compared to recent plant litter as substrates in reclaimed coal mine soils

In the Lusatian mining district, rehabilitated mine soils contain substantial amounts of lignite in addition to recent carbon derived from plant litter. The aim of this study was to examine the importance of the two organic matter types as substrates for soil microbial biomass in mine soils containing organic matter with a contrasting degree of humification. Samples were taken from the lignite-containing overburden material, from a mine soil under 14-year-old black pine (Pinus nigra) and from a mine soil under 37-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra). Overburden material was ameliorated with alkaline ash and incubated in an identical manner as the 14-year-old and 37-year-old mine soils for 16 months. Carbon mineralisation was monitored throughout. After 0, 3, 6, 12 and 16 months, samples were removed and analysed for chemical parameters and for microbial biomass. In addition, ¹⁴C activity measurements in bulk soil and microbial biomass were used to estimate their lignite content.Despite the high content of organic carbon in lignite-rich overburden material, low contents of microbial biomass were recorded. Ash-amelioration led to high pH values in the overburden material, resulting in high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon most likely derived from lignite. Development of the microbial community was subsequently stimulated by presence of an easily available carbon source. In older mine soils, larger amounts of microbial biomass are most likely related to the presence of recent organic matter. Radiocarbon analysis of the microbial biomass extracted from the 14-year-old mine soil indicated higher lignite carbon contribution than recorded for microbial biomass of the 37-year-old mine soil. The highest concentration of lignite C present in microbial biomass as indicated by the C_mic/C_org ratio was, however, observed in the ameliorated overburden material. Therefore, we conclude that the importance of lignite as a carbon source for micro-organisms decreases when recent organic matter is present in the older stages of mine soil development.     

钙基催化木屑煤混燃及其对排放、灰分特性的影响

以木屑和褐煤为研究对象,利用循环流化床反应装置,研究了不同燃烧工况下钙基对SO2、NOx排放特性的影响;并通过X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP)测定了底灰的元素、基团和矿物组成,对附加碱金属Ca的灰样进行了熔融特性分析。研究表明,钙基对SO2、NOx的释放有一定的抑制作用。当过量空气系数α为1.0时,石灰石的添加对NOx减排最为明显。且随着木屑含量的减少,NOx产率有所降低;钙基对SO2的脱除受反应温度的影响。在温度为700～900℃、Ca和S质量比为2.0时的固硫脱硫效果最好;在CaCO3的作用下,底灰的熔融现象基本消失。     

褐煤基有机肥及土壤调理剂对姜田土壤、生姜生长的影响

为研究褐煤基有机肥及土壤调理剂对姜田土壤养分、作物生长的影响,于山东省昌邑市开展生姜种植试验。研究结果表明：褐煤基有机肥及土壤调理剂的施用,能改善土壤理化性质,显著提高土壤养分;与对照相比,各处理有机碳含量提高了1.4%~2.3%,中微量元素中钙含量增加了0.6~1.9倍,镁含量增加了0.3~6.3倍;各处理病情指数显著降低,其中白绢病病情指数降低了15.4%~23.1%,根结线虫病情指数降低了7.7%~26.8%;在增产方面,单株姜重增加了0.8%~15.0%,每公顷产量提高了6.0%~11.6%,增产效果显著,以施用褐煤基有机肥7500 kg/hm²+土壤调理剂375 L/hm²效果最佳。     

Grundkalkung stark schwefelsaurer Kippsande des Braunkohlebergbaus – ein praxisnaher Technikversuch: Basic amelioration of acid sulphurous sandy mine soils of lignite mining – a technology experiment

Reclamation of acid sulphurous substrates of lignite mining needs amelioration with limestone. Good agronomic results are achieved with an amelioration depth of 100?cm. However, in reclamation practice the result of amelioration is often insufficient. Therefore, on the basis of a field experiment technological aspects of amelioration, especially of limestone incorporation, are discussed. On sandy mine soils a working depth of 100?cm is achieved with conventional deep rotary tillers. In contrast, even under favourable conditions none of the tested tillers ensures an adequate incorporation depth of limestone. With respect to the acidification potential of the substrates sufficient amounts of limestone are incorporated to a depth of 60?cm, below there is no appreciable effect on pH at present.     

Distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coal,lignite, and calcite mine spoils of India

Summary We assessed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi in coal, lignite, and calcite mine spoils. The level of VAM fungal infection and the population of VAM species in plants on the coal-waste sites were similar to those in plants on the calcite mine spoil. The plants on the coal-waste sites and their associated VAM fungi included Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. with Glomus heterosporum and Sclerocystis microcarpus and Euphorbia hirta L. with G. botryoides and G. ambisporum. The recently revegetated lignite mine spoil supported Eragrostis sp. with G. globiferum, while the oldest revegetated lignite mine spoil supported Cocos nucifera L. with Scutellospora aurigloba and G. aggregatum, and Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. with Scutellospora dipapillosa and G. tenue. In the calcite mine spoil, roots of Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Romer with Sclerocystis sinuosa, G. dimorphicum, G. heterosporum and G. ambisporum and Datura metal L. with G. pustulatum and G. pulvinatum were found. The level of VAM infection and the population of VAM species in the oldest revegetated site (lignite mine spoil) were comparable with those in the coal-waste and calcite mine-spoil sites.