银合欢枝叶的饲用价值、毒性和微生物脱毒利用的研究

本文对热带、亚热带木本豆科饲料银合欢枝叶的饲用价值、毒性和微生物脱毒利用的技术及其效果进行了研究。试验结果表明:银合欢枝叶干物质粗蛋白质含量约为21％,有毒氨基酸含羞草素含量约为3％。含羞草素可在反刍家畜瘤胃内转变为另一毒素3-羟基-4(1氢)吡啶酮(DHP)。我国南方内陆地区反刍家畜瘤胃内不存在可使DHP降解的细菌,故采食银合欢出现中毒反应,并使日增重和饲料报酬下降。将澳大利亚DHP-降解细菌接种到我国内陆地区黄牛瘤胃内,可使黄牛取得对DHP的脱毒能力。作者发现我国广西北海市一小岛——涠洲岛的黄牛和山羊瘤胃内也存在某种DHP-降解细菌,将其接种转移到我国内陆地区乳牛瘤胃内,乳牛成功地取得了对DHP的脱毒能力。用涠洲DHP-降解细菌脱毒银合欢枝叶饲养乳牛取得了良好的饲养效果。     

银合欢对肉鸡临床毒性及减毒的研究

为研究银合欢对肉鸡的临床毒性和减毒作用,250只10日龄AA肉鸡随机分为五组,每组50只.在试验组的日粮中分别添加5%,10%,20%的银合欢进行试验,为期50天.通过对肉鸡生产性能,血液激素水平和粪中含羞草素含量的测定,结果显示适量添加银合欢可增加平均日增重,平均日采食量,减低饲料消耗率.银合欢的安全添加量应不超过饲料量的5%.     

银合欢种子研究进展

随着农业生产对银合欢种子需求的增加,确保银合欢种子的质量成为首要问题。综述近年来对银合欢种子成分、种子萌发、种子保存和种子健康等方面的研究概况,并对银合欢种子研究中存在的问题提出了展望。     

Effect of successive cuttings on uptake and partitioning of 15N among plant parts of Leucaena leucocephala

Summary We studied the effect of three successive cuttings on N uptake and fixation and N distribution in Leucaena leucocephala. Two isolines, uninoculated or inoculated with three different Rhizobium strains, were grown for 36 weeks and cut every 12 weeks. The soil was labelled with 50 ppm KNO₃ enriched with 10 atom % ¹⁵N excess soon after the first cutting. Except for the atom % ¹⁵N excess in branches of K28 at the second cutting, both the L. leucocephala isolines showed similar patterns of total N, fixed N₂, and N from fertilizer distribution in different parts of the plant at each cutting. The Rhizobium strain did not influence the partitioning of ¹⁵N among the different plant parts. Significant differences in ¹⁵N enrichment occurred in different parts. Live nodules of both isolines showed the lowest atom % ¹⁵N excess values (0.087), followed by leaves (0.492), branches (0.552), stems (0.591), and roots (0.857). The roots contained about 60% of the total plant N and about 70% of the total N derived from fertilizer over the successive cuttings. The total N₂ fixed in the roots was about 60% of that fixed in the whole plant, while the shoots contained only 20% of the fixed N₂. We conclude that N reserves in roots and nodules constitute another N source that must be taken into account when estimating fixed N₂ or the N balance after pruning or cutting plants. ¹⁵N enrichment declined up to about fivefold in the reference and the N₂-fixing plants over 24 weeks following the ¹⁵N application. The proportion and the amounts of N derived from fertilizer decreased, while the amount derived from N₂ fixation increased with time although its proportion remained constant.     

白灰毛豆和新银合欢水提液对白灰毛豆化感作用研究

配置4种不同浓度的白灰毛豆、新银合欢的鲜茎叶和凋落叶的水提液,测定其对白灰毛豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。探究白灰毛豆、新银合欢鲜茎叶和凋落叶水浸提液对白灰毛豆的化感作用,为优势种群的形成、群落的演替、植被的恢复等提供依据。结果表明,白灰毛豆、新银合欢鲜茎叶和凋落叶均有明显的化感作用。对种子萌发总体表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。新银合欢水提液对白灰毛豆幼苗生长均表现为抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强。新银合欢的化感作用可能是群落演替中白灰毛豆被新银合欢快速替代的原因之一。     

金沙江干热河谷3种阔叶树育苗试验

将新银合欢、大叶相思和羽叶山黄麻的种子作酸蚀3,6,12 m in及水浸-凉水浸泡24 h、50℃温水浸烫浸泡24 h、开水浸烫浸泡24 h处理.处理后的种子室内和场圃发芽情况表明:酸蚀适用于3树种,酸蚀3水平对种子发芽率影响差异显著,效应为6 m in>12 m in>3 m in;而水浸3个水平对种子发芽影响差异不明显;3树种处理最优组合(A1B2C2,A2B2C3和A3B2C1)种子发芽率分别达90.0%,84.3%,76.4%.处理与不处理种子培育的苗木苗期和初植幼树生长情况表明:上述种子处理方法对苗木和幼树的生长无不良影响.     

滇东南岩溶山区4个树种的造林试验结果分析

通过在砚山县铳卡农场对圣诞树、滇合欢、新银合欢、刺槐4个树种不同造林密度、施肥措施、苗根处理方式及苗期喷云大-120等5个因素的对比试验,幼树期的结果表明树种对林木生长量及生物量的影响最大,施肥措施和苗根处理方式对林木的生长发育也具有一定的作用,而苗期喷云大-120对定植后林木的生长发育作用不明显,密度效应除圣诞树外其他3个树种还不显著。参试的4个树种中,圣诞树3年生时已经郁闭,其最佳技术组合A1B1C1D1E1的树高、地径、冠幅和单株生物量分别为5.05m、4.72cm、1.79m和7.05kg,每公顷可提供薪材22678kg、绿肥和饲料24345.5kg,产值3485.08元;滇合欢的最佳技术组合A2B1C2D2E1的树高、地径、冠幅和单株生物量分别为1.84m、4.33cm、1.23m和1.26kg,每公顷可产薪材6936.8kg、绿肥和饲料1467.4kg,产值767.05元;新银合欢则不太适应试区的气候,每年都受霜冻的危害。预计在滇东南岩溶山区选择多用途的圣诞树和滇合欢,采用最佳的技术措施组合造林,能取得良好的生态效益和经济效益。     

Intercropping field crops between rows of Leucaena leucocephala under rainfed conditions in northern India

A field study was conducted for six years (1981–1986) on sandy loam soil on intercropping hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit. with three field crops viz. maize (Zea mays L), black gram (Vigna mungo L) and cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L Taub.). In treatments 1 and 2 Leucaena hedges were planted as pure crops at close (25 cm × 75 cm) and wide (25 cm × 375 cm) spacings. In treatments 3, 4 and 5 the three field crops were intercropped between the hedgerows of Leucaena at the wide spacing, and in treatments 6, 7 and 8 the field crops were raised as pure crops. Leucaena was topped to 75 cm each time it attained a height of 175 cm. The pure crop of Leucaena at close spacing produced an average, over the six years, of 34 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of green fodder and 9.4 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of air dry fuelwood. The Leucaena at wide spacing produced 18.9 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of green fodder and 6.3 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of fuelwood. Intercropping with field crops decreased the yield of green fodder and fuelwood. The yield of all the field crops was less when raised as intercrops than as pure crops. Mean maximum net returns were obtained from intercrops of Leucaena and cluster bean (Rs 3540 ha⁻¹a⁻¹) which were significantly higher than the returns from pure crop of Leucaena at wide spacing but similar to the returns from pure crops of cluster bean. Leucaena with maize (Rs 3273 ha⁻¹a⁻¹) and black gram (Rs 3125 ha⁻¹a⁻¹) gave significantly higher net returns over pure crops of Leucaena at wide spacing, maize and black gram. ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics- Hyderabad, India. CIAT = Centro International de Agricultura Tropical - Cali - Columbia     

Impact of tree coppicing on tree-crop competition in parkland and alley farming systems in semiarid Burkina Faso

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tree coppicing on tree-crop competition in farmed parkland and in alley farming, both in semiarid Burkina Faso.Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) was studied in the parklands, while neem,Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (albizia) andLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) were investigated in the alley farming system. The crop was sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in both cases.Under non-coppiced neem trees in the parkland, the sorghum yield at 0–3 m distance from the tree (under the tree canopy) was 82% of open field yields at 6–9 m distance, but the difference was not significant (p=0.07). Close to trees (0–3 m distance) which had been coppiced before planting, the sorghum yield was 148% of open field yields. In alley farming, early coppicing was superior; sorghum yields were highest close to trees coppiced early and lowest close to trees coppiced late.

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Résumé La présente étude se propose d'évaluer les effets de la taille sur la concurrence entre arbres et cultures dans les parcs arborés et dans les cultures en couloir, en climat semiaride (Burkina Faso). Les espèces étudiées ont été:Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) dans les parcs et neem,Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (albizia) ainsi queLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) dans les cultures en couloir. Dans les deux cas la plante cultivée concerné a été le sorgho blanc (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench).Sous les neems non taillés des parcs, le rendement du sorgho cultivé de 0 à 3 m de l'arbre (sous le bouppier de l'arbre) a atteint 82% du rendement obtenu en plein champ, soit à une distance de 6 à 9 m de l'arbre (différence non significative,p=0.07). Une taille effectuée en début de campagne a entraîné un accroissement du rendement de 148% pour les cultures situées de 0 à 3 m de l'arbre, par rapport aux rendements en plein champ.Dans les cultures en couloir, on a constaté qu'une taille precoce est préférable, c'est à dire que les rendements de sorgho ont été supérieurs dans les lignes proches des arbres taillés tôt que dans celles proches des arbres taillés tard.

     

Effects of sludge on germination and initial growth performance of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings in the nursery

A study was carried out to determine the influence of different types of sludges （municipal, industrial and residential） on field germination, growth and nodulation of L. leucocephala seedlings in the nursery. Before sowing of seeds, different combinations of sludges were incorporated with the nutrient deficient natural forest soils. Field germination, nodulation status and physical growth parameters of seedlings （shoot and root length, vigor index, collar diameter, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and total dry biomass increment） were recorded after three and six months of seed sowing. Field germination, nodulation status and growth parameters were varied significantly in the soil amended with sludges in comparison to control. The highest number of nodule was recorded from soil amended with residential sludge （ 1：1 ） and highest fresh and dry nodule weight was also found from the same combination in both three and six month old seedlings. In case of growth parameters, the highest growth was recorded from soil and residential sludge （ 1：1 ） combination compared to control. From the study, it can be recommended that soil amended with residential sludge （ 1：1 ） provide better field germination, growth and nodule formation of L. leucocephala in degraded soil.