葶苈子药材生态适宜性区划研究

对全国葶苈子药材的生态适宜性开展评价,为优质葶苈子药材的栽培与选育提供理论依据。通过网络资料查阅和实地采集,收集了葶苈子药材共839个样点信息,其中播娘蒿430个样点,独行菜409个样点,综合55个生态因子,应用GIS和Maxent模型分析葶苈子药材在全国的生态适宜性分布。建立的Maxent模型预测效果良好(训练集和验证集特征曲线下面积均大于0.9),影响全国葶苈子药材生态适宜性的主要环境因子是降雨、温度、海拔、酸碱度、植被类型、土壤亚类等;全国内中药葶苈子最适宜生境主要集中在河北、河南、山西、山东、陕西、宁夏、甘肃南部、四川西部等地。对葶苈子分布区进行了生长等级划分,为葶苈子药材资源的调查研究、人工种植、划分优质产地、资源调查提供理论依据。     

马卡丛生芽培养条件优化及玻璃化控制研究

优化了南美产十字花科植物马卡丛生芽诱导和继代过程中的培养条件,使玻璃化现象得到了控制,提高了丛生芽的存活率。优化后的丛生芽诱导条件为:MS(pH 5.85~5.90)附加1~2 mg/L 6-BA,0.25 mg/L NAA,蔗糖30~35 g/L,琼脂6 g/L,诱导温度20~25℃,光照强度24μmol/(m2.s),光照时间16 h/d;优化后的丛生芽继代条件为:MS(pH 5.85~5.90)附加2 mg/L6-BA,0.25 mg/L NAA,培养温度15℃,光照强度24~41μmol/(m2.s),光照时间16 h/d。     

室外人工种植抱茎独行菜种子破除休眠的初步研究

[目的]初步探索室外种植的抱茎独行菜(Lepidium perfoliatum L.)种子破除休眠的方法,为深入研究其种子粘液质特性和农业栽培、开发抱茎独行菜这种优质牧草提供丰富的物质基础.[方法]以室内种植的抱茎独行菜种子为材料,采用不同化学和物理方法处理其种子,测定其种子的萌发率.[结果](1)4℃、CA<,3>、H<,2>O<,2>单独处理以及GA<,3>与H<,2>O<,2>组合处理均可打破抱茎独行菜种子的休眠;(2)GA<,3>与H<,2>O<,2>共同处理效果最好,其中以500 mg/LGA<,3>处理3 d后15;H<,2>O<,2>处理20 min的种子萌发率最高,可高达94.44;.[结论]推测造成室内种植的抱茎独行菜种子休眠的可能原因是种胚的活力不够,从而使得其种子在萌发过程中不能有效挣脱种皮的机械束缚从而导致休眠.     

玛咖不同颜色种子表型性状及活力特性分析

比较分析棕黄色、棕红色和黑色3种颜色玛咖种子的大小、萌发特性、幼苗生长特性和酶活力,探讨3种颜色玛咖种子的表型性状及其与种子活力之间的相关性。结果表明,棕黄色和黑色种子的长、厚、厚宽比、千粒质量、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗苗长、根长、单株鲜质量和干质量、POD活性、脱氢酶活性等性状之间无显著差异,但均显著高于棕红色种子(P<0.05);棕黄色和黑色种子的新鲜不发芽种子数、死种子数和不正常幼苗数均显著低于棕红色种子(P<0.05)。不同颜色玛咖种子的千粒质量与种子的长、厚存在显著正相关(P<0.05),种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均与千粒质量、POD和脱氢酶呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。说明棕黄色和黑色种子活力高于棕红色种子,萌发能力更强。     

云南玛咖地上部分氨基酸含量的测定

为进一步开发利用玛咖的地上部分资源,通过盐酸水解结合高效液相色谱仪分析,采用模糊隶属函数法对玛咖地上部分的氨基酸进行定性和定量分析。结果表明：玛咖地上部分至少含17种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为玛咖地上部分的28．67％。其中,有7种人体必需氨基酸,E／T 达44．68％,E／N 为80．77％。玛咖地上部分人体必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合世界卫生组织食品法典委员会（FAO／WHO）的理想模式标准。玛咖地上部分还含有丰富的味觉氨基酸及特殊药效氨基酸,其中,鲜味氨基酸总量达5．45％,甜味氨基酸含量为4．3％,芳香族氨基酸含量达3．15％,精氨酸含量达2．81％。模糊隶属函数法对玛咖地上部分氨基酸营养价值的综合评价结果为最好,营养及保健价值高,值得开发与利用。     

Non-pathogenic Fusarium strains protect the seedlings of Lepidium sativum from Pythium ultimum

Two root-colonizing Fusarium strains, Ls-F-in-4-1 and Rs-F-in-11, isolated from roots of Brassicaceae plants, induced the resistance in Lepidium sativum seedlings against Pythium ultimum. These strains caused an increase in the content of benzyl isothiocyanate, and of its precursor glucotropaeolin, in the roots of the host plants. The increased isothiocyanate content is one of the factors contributing to the resistance of L. sativum against P. ultimum. To be transformed into the fungitoxic compound benzyl isothiocyanate, glucotropaeolin has to be hydrolyzed by myrosinase, which can be produced either by plants or microorganisms. The Fusarium strain Ls-F-in-4-1 has a myrosinase activity but the strain Rs-F-in-11 has not. These results suggest that both strains are able to trigger the metabolic pathway leading to benzyl isothiocyanate production in the plant. In the case of the myrosinase-negative strain Rs-F-in-11, hydrolyzation into isothiocyanate is only due to the myrosinase activity of the plant, and in the other case, the myrosinase produced by the strain Ls-F-in-11 also would contribute to the production of isothiocyanate. This paper reports a new mode of action of non-pathogenic Fusarium strains in controlling P. ultimum.     

响应面法优化微波提取宽叶独行菜多糖工艺研究

为优化宽叶独行菜(Lepidium latifolium L.)多糖的提取工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,选取粒度、液料比、微波功率和微波时间作为优化因素,根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理,进行4因素3水平试验。利用响应面分析方法,建立了宽叶独行菜多糖提取得率的多元二次回归方程,并得到最佳提取工艺条件。试验结果表明,粒度、液料比和微波时间对宽叶独行菜多糖提取得率的影响均为极显著,微波功率表现为显著。当工艺条件为粒度120目、液料比35∶1 m L/g、微波功率400 W、微波时间150 s时,宽叶独行菜多糖的理论最高提取得率为0.434%,验证值为0.429%。     

宽叶独行菜不同极性部位对鼠胃肠动力及MTL和GAS的影响

为明确宽叶独行菜(Lepidium latifolium L.)提取物中促胃肠动力的有效部位,在小鼠腹腔注射硫酸阿托品的方法制造胃肠动力障碍模型,测定胃内色素残留率和小肠推进比,并检测血浆胃动素(MTL)和血浆胃泌素(GAS)的含量。结果表明,正丁醇部位对小鼠胃内色素残留率的影响与模型对照组比较有显著差异,水提取部位、乙酸乙酯部位有极显著差异;水提取部位对小肠推进比的影响与模型对照组比较有显著差异,乙酸乙酯部位有极显著差异;水提取部位、正丁醇部位对小鼠MTL含量影响与模型对照组比较有显著差异,乙酸乙酯部位有极显著差异,乙酸乙酯部位对小鼠GAS含量的影响与模型对照组比较有显著差异。初步判断乙酸乙酯部位为宽叶独行菜促胃肠动力的有效部位,其作用机制还有待进一步研究。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取玛咖总黄酮的工艺研究

[目的]优化玛咖总黄酮的超声波辅助提取工艺.[方法]采用Box - Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法对玛咖总黄酮的超声波提取工艺进行优化,建立回归模型.[结果]得到回归方程:Y=2.080 +0.074 X1 -0.099X2-0.057X3-0.697X12 -0.209X22 -0.336X32 +0.005X1X2+0.05X1X3+0.169X2X3;最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度70.3;、料液比1∶27、超声时间28.4 min,此工艺条件下玛咖总黄酮的提取率为2.113;,与模型预测值吻合.[结论]响应面回归方程与试验结果拟合性好,可用于实际预测,为玛咖总黄酮的提取提供了参考.     

The impact of storm water runoff on a small urban stream

Background, aim, and scope  In urban areas, storm water runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm water runoff recipients, both water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm water runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm water runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm water. Some storm water runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. Materials and methods  During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD₇, COD_Cr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm water runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment. Riga, pp 108–116, 1989). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992). Results  The mean pH of urban storm water runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L⁻¹, TPH—2.4 mg L⁻¹, BOD₇—300 mg O₂ L⁻¹ and COD_Cr—1,400 mg L⁻¹. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD₇—41% and COD_Cr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum. There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm water runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Discussion  Most local authorities do not consider storm water runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm water runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. Recommendations and perspectives  To avoid the environmental impact of storm water runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm water runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm water runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm water runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.