乳的合成过程及其在生产中的应用技术

乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖是牛奶中的主要营养成分，也是影响牛奶品质的主要因素，通过营养调控途径可以有效改善牛奶中的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳糖含量，本文阐述了牛奶中乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖三大营养物质的合成过程、作用机理以及生产中的实践应用技术。     

Comparison of 2 methods for establishing rat model of chronic osmotic diarrhea

AIM: To compare 2 different rat models of chronic osmotic diarrhea with the lactose enrichment and magnesium citrate methods. METHODS: The SD rats (n=31) were randomly divided into lactose enrichment diarrhea group (Lac group, 12 rats), magnesium citrate diarrhea group (Mg group, 12 rats) and normal control group (Con group, 7 rats). The rats in Lac group were fed with a lactose enrichment diet and freely drank water. The rats in Mg group were fed with a standard diet and drank magnesium citrate solution. The Con group was fed with a standard diet and normal water. The general conditions and the characteristics of stool were observed every day. The grip strength and motor activity of the rats were measured after diarrhea for 14 d. The trans-epithelial resistance of the colonic mucosa was detected by Ussing chamber. The pathological changes of villus height and villus surface area in the intestine were observed with hemato-xylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: The rats in both diarrhea groups displayed the clinical manifestations of slow increase in body weight, spare and dull hair, lacking in strength and physical inactivity. The grip strength and motor activity of the rats in both diarrhea groups decreased significantly compared with Con group. The diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of the rats in the 2 diarrhea groups were both significantly higher than those in Con group (P<0.05). Moreover, the diarrhea index in Lac group was significantly increased compared with Mg group. The thickness of intestinal mucosa in Lac group was thinner than that in Mg group at the same time. However, the damage of intestinal villi in Mg group was more serious than that in Lac group.CONCLUSION: Both methods of lactose enrichment-induced diarrhea and magnesium citrate-induced diarrhea meet the requirement of chronic osmotic diarrhea, but there are different advantages between the diarrhea models. Therefore, we should select the correct diarrhea model to meet different aims of the experiments.     

大米糖浆替代乳糖对早期断奶仔猪生长性能及胰岛素样生长因子轴的影响

本文旨在研究大米糖浆取代乳糖后对早期断奶仔猪生产性能及胰岛素样生长因子轴的影响.选用7 d断奶的二元杂交仔猪(长白×大白)32头,随机分为2个处理组,每组设16个重复,每个重复1只.日粮成分除乳糖水平外(乳糖组和大米糖浆组分别为43.5%和0),其他成分均一致.试验期14 d,在试验第7天、第14天和第21天对试验猪进行空腹8 h称重,计算试验期日增重及日耗料,并分别于试验第7天和第14天每组随机抽取5头,颈静脉采血,屠宰速取肝脏和背最长肌组织.结果表明,大米糖浆取代乳糖后对仔猪的日增重及肉料比均没有显著影响(P>0.05),14 d大米糖浆组血清GH水平与乳糖组差异不显著(P>0.05),21 d大米糖浆组血清GH水平极显著低于乳糖组(P<0.01);但大米糖浆组14 d和21 d血清IGF-Ⅰ的水平,及肝脏和背最长肌IGF-Ⅰ mRNA相对表达量与乳糖组差异均不显著(P>0.05).综合分析认为,大米糖浆替代乳糖后对早期断奶仔猪的生长性能和胰岛素样生长因子轴没有影响.     

婴儿配方奶粉生产中部分应用大豆分离蛋白的研究

通过对人乳和牛乳蛋白质组分的差异比较,利用大豆分离蛋白中的优质氨基酸与乳蛋白混合后的营养互补,提高营养价值.同时与乳糖配合可以达到部分替代脱盐乳清粉D90的目的,进而提升产品营养,做到婴儿配方奶粉的国产化.     

乳糖诱导成纤维细胞生长因子-21在大肠杆菌中的表达

[目的]研究用乳糖作为诱导剂诱导成纤维细胞生长因子-21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF21)基因重组蛋白的表达,以探讨其工程化生产的可能性。[方法]对影响重组表达产物的乳糖诱导浓度、诱导时机、诱导时间及诱导温度等进行比较,并以IPTG诱导作为对照,确定最佳的乳糖诱导条件。[结果]对于重组目的蛋白,乳糖可以起到很好的诱导效果,诱导产物的表达量与IPTG诱导产物相当。其最佳表达条件为:在A600为0.8～1.0时,加入乳糖至终浓度为0.5 g/L,在35℃下诱导6 h。[结论]乳糖可诱导FGF21基因表达,并取得良好效果,为工程化生产提供了试验数据和借鉴。     

利用酵母下脚料高效表达重组谷氨酰胺合成酶研究

[目的]为了降低工业用谷氨酰胺合成酶的成本。[方法]利用酵母下脚料制得废酵母基来培养BL21(DE3)-pET28b-glnA,用乳糖诱导合成GS,并对诱导生长点、诱导浓度、诱导时间、添加碳源氮源以及所得GS的可溶性和酶活进行研究。[结果]酵母下脚料可以替代LB培养基诱导产生重组GS,其最佳诱导条件为:OD600=0.5,乳糖1 g/L诱导12 h;并不需要补加其他碳氮源,GS可溶性90%以上,催化Glu转化为Gln的转化率为94.5%。[结论]生产用高活性干酵母经过短期发酵后,酵母下脚料中的营养活性物质依然很丰富,可以用来培养大肠杆菌诱导目的蛋白表达,从而降低工业用谷氨酰胺合成酶的成本。     

The interaction between enzyme supplementation and lactose level on the performance of weanling pigs fed barley based diets

A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to investigate the interaction between lactose level (170 vs. 275 g/kg) and enzyme supplementation (with or without Endo-1,3 (4)-β-glucanase) in barley based diets (250 g/kg) on piglet performance post weaning. Ninety six weaned piglets (24 days old, 6.5 kg live weight) were blocked on the basis of live weight and were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments (n = 6) for 21 days. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between lactose level and β-glucanase supplementation on average daily gain (ADG), food conversion ratio (FCR) and apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen (N). Pigs offered 170 g/kg lactose and β-glucanase supplementation had an improved FCR and ADG compared to the 170 g/kg lactose and unsupplemented barley. However, β-glucanase supplementation at 275 g/kg lactose had no effect on FCR and ADG compared to the 275 g/kg lactose and untreated barley. Pigs offered the diet containing the low level of lactose and β-glucanase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) DMD, OMD and N digestibility compared to the β-glucanase supplemented high lactose diet. However, there was no effect of lactose level in the unsupplemented diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of β-glucanase at the 170 g/kg lactose level improved ADG, FCR and diet digestibility. β-glucanase had a negative effect on FCR and ADG at the 275 g/kg lactose level.     

The interaction between dietary crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate source on piglet post weaning performance, diet digestibility and selected faecal microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentration

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to investigate a 21 day study on the interaction between dietary crude protein (CP) (160 versus 200 g/kg), lactose level (50 versus 230 g/kg), and inulin supplementation (0 versus 15 g/kg) on piglet performance, diet digestibility, faecal volatile fatty acid (VFAs) concentration and selected microbial populations post weaning. Two hundred and fifty six weaned piglets (24 days old, 7.4 kg live weight, S.D. = 1.5 kg) were blocked on the basis of live weight and were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments (n = 8) for 21 days. There was an interaction between CP and lactose concentration on average daily gain (ADG) during the overall experimental period. Pigs offered high CP diets containing 230 g/kg lactose increased ADG compared to those pigs offered high CP diets containing 50 g/kg lactose. However, there was no effect of lactose concentration in the low CP diets. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between lactose level and inulin supplementation on Lactobacilli spp., Enterobacteria spp. and branched chain VFAs. Pigs offered inulin supplemented 230 g/kg lactose diets increased Lactobacilli spp. (P < 0.05) and decreased Enterobacteria spp. (P < 0.05) and branched chain VFAs (P < 0.05) compared to those offered the inulin supplemented 50 g/kg lactose diets. However there was no effect of lactose concentration in the non inulin supplemented diets. In conclusion, high CP diets and high inclusion levels of lactose improved piglet performance post weaning. Inulin supplementation had an additional effect in the 230 g/kg lactose diets through increased Lactobacilli spp. and decreased Enterobacteria spp. and branched chain VFAs.     

乳糖诱导重组鸡γ干扰素基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

本文考察了乳糖代替IPTG诱导鸡γ干扰素(ChIFN-γ)在重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达的可行性。分别对乳糖作为诱导剂时的诱导时机、乳糖浓度、诱导持续时间和添加方式等方面进行了分析,并在最优诱导条件下与IPTG诱导进行比较。结果表明,工程菌在对数生长中后期(OD600为1.5)添加终浓度为2g/L的乳糖诱导7h对蛋白的表达和菌体量最为有利。由于乳糖本身可作为碳源被菌体利用,分批流加乳糖效果优于一次性添加。与IPTG诱导相比,乳糖诱导的蛋白表达量为29.8%,稍低于IPTG的32.3%,诱导后蛋白表达时间也有所滞后,但收获的菌体量则显著高于IPTG诱导,约为1.21倍,显示出了乳糖作为诱导剂的自身的优势。研究结果证明乳糖可以作为诱导剂应用于重组鸡γ干扰素的工业化生产,同时也为其它重组基因工程药物的生产提供了有益的参考和借鉴。     

太湖猪分娩后第一周相关乳成分的动态变化

对 8头太湖猪的研究表明 ,猪乳的pH值从分娩当日 (6 38± 0 0 5 )至第 7d(7 0 8± 0 0 5 )逐日上升 ,与第 2 0d相比 ,1至 5d差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 )。乳糖含量前 3d极显著低于第 2 0d(P <0 0 1 )。分娩当日乳脂含量较低 (8 2 4% ) ,第二日达最高峰 (1 2 7% ) ,第 2、3d水平明显高于第 2 0d(P <0 0 5 )。蛋白质浓度第 1d最高 (6 4 7± 0 4 8g/ 1 0mL) ,前 4d极显著高于第 2 0d(P <0 0 1 )。