Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

Seasonal growth and diet of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in demonstration channels and the main channel of the Waitaki River, New Zealand, 1982–1983

Abstract– Juvenile chinook salmon in the Waitaki River, New Zealand and demonstration channels, living at about 16°C, increased in length by 0.32 mm day⁻¹ between 4 November and 4 March. They gained weight quickly, accumulated large visceral fat deposits and had high conditions factors. At 1600 h, stomachs averaged half full. The number of prey tended to decline as the fish grew and consumed larger items. Initially the diet was based mainly on chironomid larvae, but by December it included a diversity of prey in more equal proportions. These included Deleatidium in the Waitaki; amphipods in the demonstration channels; various trichopterans, hemipterans, elmid beetles, zooplankton. terrestrial dipterans and a variety of other prey. There were significant differences between sites in numbers of prey consumed and these probably reflected differences in the benthos. Diets in the Waitaki differ from those in the Rakaia River and the food of juvenile salmon appears closely linked to the availability of a diverse range of possible prey.     

澜沧江、金沙江云南德钦段干暖河谷区生态建设探讨

澜沧江、金沙江云南德钦段形成了独特的干暖河谷区自然环境，分析了其特点、成因。探讨了其生态建设的思路应是尊重自然规律、发扬优秀民风习俗、引进实用技术、发展非公林业。     

塔里木河流域生态环境恶化的水文效应

塔里木河是我国最大的内陆河。 4条源流出山口多年平均天然径流量 2 2 4 .9× 10 8m3 (195 7～ 2 0 0 1年 )。在全球变暖的大背景下 ,塔里木河流域山区气候出现变暖增湿的趋势 ,2 0世纪 90年代径流量达 2 4 1.9× 10 8m3 ,增幅 7.6 %。由于源流区人类开发利用水资源的影响 ,使得补给塔里木河干流的水量不断减少 ,水文条件改变 ,造成干流上、中游段耗水严重 ,导致下游生态与环境急剧退化。自 2 0 0 0年以来 ,实施的从开都河—博斯腾湖向下游绿色走廊应急输水 ,已使下游生态环境开始恢复生机。     

额尔齐斯河流域生态系统格局及变化

本文首先对额尔齐斯河流域气候，地貌，水文等环境因子特征进行了评述，进而阐述了流域生态系统的特征和格局以及在自然和人为干扰作用下的变化。分析结果表明在自然干扰作用下流域生态系统的格局与流域水文情势变化相适应，处于准稳定变化状态，而在人为对流域水文情势扰动下，流域生态系统的格局间接地受到影响。从而产生新的格局，其作用的强度，持久性和生态系统的格局变化程度过错大于大于自然干扰作用下的变化。引额调水工程对额尔齐斯河流域河谷生态系统内部单元格局变化具有重要影响。     

钱塘江西湖段鱼类群落结构特征

2016—2018年对钱塘江西湖段鱼类进行分季节采样调查,共采集到鱼类31种,隶属7目9科27属,其中鲤科（Cyprinidae）鱼类最多,有21种,占总物种数的67.74%;按生态类群划分则以淡水定居性、中下层、杂食性鱼类为主;优势种为鲫（Carassius auratus）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、刀鲚（Coilia nasus）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）、窄体舌鳎（Cynoglossus gracilis）。与历史记录相比,鱼类资源衰退较为明显,仅江海洄游性鱼类及河口性鱼类就减少了16种,且存在资源小型化、物种单一化的问题。Jaccard相似性系数显示任意两年之间的鱼类物种组成均处于中等不相似水平,ABC曲线也显示2016和2018年鱼类群落较稳定而2017年处于受干扰状态。鲢、鲫和鳙为该江段目前最主要的鱼类资源,分别占渔获物总质量的49.65%、20.14%和16.19%,其中鲢和鳙完全依靠增殖放流补充。绝大多数钱塘江传统土著经济鱼类虽有长期增殖放流的补充,但未在该江段形成优势种群。鱼类多样性指数虽有一定的季节及年际波动,但其变化未达到显著水平,鱼类群落结构的季节变化则与鱼类自身生活习性及水域内水文地理特征均有一定程度的关系。建议对钱塘江河口段持续开展全面的鱼类群落及鱼类生境调查,为制定细化的鱼类保护措施提供科学依据。     

应用于鱼道设计的新疆木扎提河斑重唇鱼的游泳能力测试

为了探究斑重唇鱼的游泳能力,给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以木扎提河野生斑重唇鱼(全长TL=12～16 cm)为研究对象,测定了其在(16.6±1.6)℃水温下的感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度及持续与耐久游泳能力。结果显示,斑重唇鱼感应流速为(0.18±0.02)m/s,相对感应流速为(1.40±0.23) BL/s (BL为体长);临界游泳速度为(1.02±0.15) m/s,相对临界游泳速度为(8.58±1.65) BL/s;爆发游泳速度为(1.39±0.17) m/s,相对爆发游泳速度为(10.92±1.86) BL/s;最大持续游泳速度为0.87 m/s,最大耐久游泳速度为1.37 m/s,与平均爆发游泳速度相近。其持续游泳时间与流速呈负相关(l g T=?5:136X+8:504)。当以斑重唇鱼为主要过鱼对象时,建议为吸引鱼类进入鱼道,进口流速设计为1.02～1.39 m/s,休息池主流设计为0.20～1.02 m/s,鱼道竖缝处流速宜低于0.85 m/s。鱼道长度为1 000 m时,鱼道内平均水流速度应低于0.78m/s。本研究结果可为新疆木扎...     

黄河下游影响带地下水系统动力学特征

以黄河下游影响带地下水系统为例,介绍了地下水系统的动力学特征分析方法,计算了其动力学特征指标:Hurst指数为0.91~0.97、Kolmogorov熵为0.054~0.081、最大Lyapunov指数均大于零、分维数为2.50~3.36。分析结果表明:黄河下游影响带地下水系统的各子系统都具有混沌性;Hurst指数刻划了系统的开放程度和受外界干扰程度;分形维描述了非线性系统的复杂程度。     

新疆奎屯河流域平原区生态需水研究

新疆奎屯河流域地处我国西北干旱区,随着人口增加和经济发展,国民经济需水与生态需水已成为流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护的主要矛盾。因此,为了实现奎屯河流域水资源的可持续利用及国民经济的可持续发展,急需对生态需水进行研究。本文以流域社会经济与生态环境协调发展为目标,分析了奎屯河流域存在的主要生态环境问题,在干旱区生态需水概念与分类的基础上,给出了奎屯河流域生态需水的界定范围。在此前提下,从流域生态环境现状及未来需求出发,采用不同的计算方法,对流域生态需水进行了计算,可为流域水资源优化配置及生态环境建设提供科学的依据。结果表明:奎屯河流域生态需水达5.65×108m3,占流域水资源总量16.98×108m3的33.3%,占径流总量15.41×108m3的36.7%。其中天然绿洲生态需水为2.41×108m3,占生态需水的43%;人工绿洲生态需水达3.24×108m3,占生态需水的57%。     

基于CVM的民勤绿洲生态系统服务价值评估

在调查石羊河下游生态环境状况的基础上,以非市场物品和服务价值评估的理论-条件价值评估法为依据,以支付卡方法设计了500份调查问卷,实地考察石羊河全流域居民对民勤绿洲生态系统服务退化的补偿意愿,对影响居民支付意愿的影响因素进行了相关分析,提出了在西北地区评估生态服务价值时改进条件价值评估法的一些措施。研究结果表明:全流域68.83%的居民家庭对民勤绿洲生态环境恶化存在补偿意愿,平均最小补偿意愿每户每年为263.06元,民勤绿洲生态环境恶化的经济损失每年至少在1.115×108元以上,未来20年内,在不考虑生态效益折旧的前提下,民勤绿洲生态系统的总服务价值至少为22.3×108元。由于民勤绿洲生态环境恶化具有巨大的负外部效应,因此,仅就石羊河流域居民家庭数量计算得到的民勤绿洲生态环境恶化经济损失,只是对民勤绿洲生态环境恶化的经济损失的保守估计。