哈萨克斯坦小麦产业发展与挑战

我国小麦产需平衡有余,但专用优质小麦供给不足。小麦生产成本与日俱增,加之品质劣势,进口需求激增。小麦是哈萨克斯坦最主要的农作物,独立初期,由于技术落后、体制与政策等没有理顺,致使其农业陷入衰退期,小麦产业也进入困难期。经过哈国多年的调整和努力,小麦的种植、消费和出口逐渐恢复。长期以来,哈萨克斯坦小麦生产一直处于广种薄收、粗放经营和靠天吃饭的状态,播种面积大,产量增长较快,但单产水平却比较低。通过对哈国的农业环境、小麦产业发展、小麦育种栽培技术和品质分析,认识哈国小麦产业发展的特点和问题,提出中哈国两国小麦合作的前景。     

Alarming houbara bustard population trends in Asia

Relative abundance and density estimates of Asian houbara were assessed during the breeding season in two breeding grounds of migrant populations (China and south Kazakhstan) and in one breeding ground of a resident population (Oman), between 1998 and 2002. For the study period, the relative abundance was from 0.004 to 0.06 individual per km driven and density estimates varied from 0.01 to 0.2 houbara per km². Relative abundance and density of houbara declined by 63% and 69%, respectively in China, by 60% and 49%, respectively in Kazakhstan and by 50% and 75%, respectively in Oman. Overall, an average of 27-30% annual decline in both relative abundance and density was observed for the three regions. Despite being legally a strictly protected species in China, Kazakhstan and Oman, houbara are heavily hunted and poached on all their migration routes and wintering grounds. The current levels of hunting and poaching are not sustainable and without the immediate agreement and implementation of international conservation measures, the Asian houbara may face extinction in the wild in the foreseeable future.     

哈萨克斯坦共和国冰草种质资源特性研究

对哈萨克斯坦共和国禾本科冰草属Agropyrom植物100个种质资源的适应性、生产性能及有关生物学特性进行了系统的研究。结果表明,有3个种质材料鲜干比、茎叶比、饲草产量、种子产量、开花期粗蛋白含量等综合指标高于当地大面积推广种植的品种。     

哈萨克斯坦渔业主要水域环境现状及保护对策

分析了哈萨克斯坦渔业主要水域的环境现状。伊犁河（Ile River）-巴尔喀什湖（Balhash Lake）、乌拉尔河（Oral River）-里海（Caspian Sea）、锡尔河（Ser River）-咸海（Aral Sea）、额尔齐斯河（Ertis River）-斋桑泊（Zai-sang Lake）均受不同程度的污染,污染物有化肥、农药、石油产物、重金属及含氮化合物、氯化物、硫酸盐,来源包括国内外两个渠道。污染物破坏渔业主要水域生境,对水生物种（鱼类）的安全造成威胁,导致了水生生物资源衰竭。国家有关管理部门应采取相应标准化管理措施,依法执行治理工作,防止国外污染物进入本国渔业水域;并通过和邻国联合对哈国渔业主要水域环境及生物资源开展保护与利用研究,确保本国主要渔业水域生态环境的可持续发展,保护与合理利用人类共有资源。     

Diaspore characteristics and ecological adaptation of Bromus tectorum L. from different distribution regions

The invasion of nonnative plants is considered one of the main threats to the structure and function of North American ecosystems.Moreover,they can alter ecosystem processes and reduce biodiversity.In arid and semi-arid region of North America,the species of European annual grass Bromus tectorum L.is an outstanding example of these problems,which not only increase the fire density and change the fire regime,but replace native communities.Therefore,there are amount of researches on B.tectorum,including resource acquisition,water use efficiency and growth.Whereas the relevant research on the morphology of diaspore is scare.Diaspores have a fundamental role in seed germination and seedling establishment.Besides,as an important link between different generations,diaspores have a vital significance on individual reproduction and population extension.Hence,diaspores under selection for studying have an important implication.This study compares differences in seed morphology for Bromus tectorum collected from the United States,Kazakhstan,and Xinjiang of China.The following indices of B.tectorum diaspores were analyzed:size,thickness of covering layers,and micromorphological characteristics of the base,middle and transition area of diaspores as well as of the awn.Micromorphology of the lemma and the cross-section of the diaspore were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Results showed that thickness of the lemma and the palea of diaspores from B.tectorum-infested grasslands in the United States were reduced(P<0.05),likely because of environmental influences.This reduction facilitated the germination of diaspores and lowered the resistance of B.tectorum to adverse environmental conditions.The length of the awn also increased significantly(P<0.05),which helped in dispersal and anchoring of diaspores.Therefore,B.tectorum adapted ecologically to its new environment in the United States by strengthening its establishment ability.However,the defense capability of B.tectorum decreased.These results fit the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis(EICA)of invasive species.Analysis of various cells on the lemma revealed that prickle densities and collapsed,long epidermal cells were easily influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and moisture because of the physiologic function of these structures on silicon accumulation.However,the form and the position of silica cells,which were not greatly influenced by environmental factors,might be genetically controlled.Studying these structures at the microscopic level helps define the relationship between the diaspore and its environment.This study has a reference value for future studies on B.tectorum.     

中国与中亚国家的农业机械产品贸易研究

[目的]探讨中国与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦两国的农业机械产品贸易现状和贸易关系,为进一步加强中国与中亚国家的农业机械产品贸易提供对策建议.[方法]在利用统计描述法分析中国与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦两国的农业机械产品贸易现状的基础上,利用RCA与出口相似度指数对中国与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦两国的农业机械产品贸易关系进行测算.[结果]哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦两国都是农业机械产品的进口国,并且中国对哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦两国的农业机械产品贸易中呈现出以出口贸易为主的特征.在显性比较优势方面,中国与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦两国在农业机械产品贸易中互补性较强.[结论]在发展中国与中亚国家的双边贸易时,中国应充分利用双边在农业机械产品贸易上的互补性,发挥比较优势,促进农业机械产品出口贸易的发展.     

对过境哈国小麦指定离境口岸监管措施的探讨

根据哈萨克斯坦(简称哈国)小麦过境中国从连云港口岸离境的业务需求,针对过境哈国小麦疫情防控的特点,对过境哈国小麦的法规政策支撑、制度规范保障、监管技术要求等方面进行了深入的研究,提出过境哈国小麦指定离境口岸疫情防控的"三不、三专"监管措施原则。对过境哈国小麦指定离境口岸的检疫监管模式及疫情防控体系建设进行了探讨,并提出有关问题与建议。     

Kazakhstani native cattle reveal highly divergent mtDNA from Bos taurus and Bos indicus lineages with an absence of Bos indicus Y chromosome

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country and contains two important propagation routes for livestock from the Fertile Crescent to Asia. Therefore, genetic information about Kazakhstani cattle can be important for understanding the propagation history and the genetic admixture in Central Asian cattle. In the present study, we analyzed the complete mtDNA D‐loop sequence and SRY gene polymorphism in 122 Kazakhstani native cattle. The D‐loop sequences revealed 79 mitochondrial haplotypes, with the major haplogroups T and I. The Bos taurus subhaplogroups consisted of T (3.3%), T1 (2.5%), T2 (2.5%), and T4 (0.8%) in addition to the predominant subhaplogroup T3 (86.9%), and the Bos indicus subhaplogroup of I1 (4.1%). Subsequently, we investigated the paternal lineages of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, however, all Kazakhstani cattle were shown to have Y chromosome of Bos taurus origin. While highly divergent mtDNA subhaplogroups in Kazakhstani cattle could be due to the geographical proximity of Kazakhstan with the domestication center of the Fertile Crescent, the absence of Bos indicus Y chromosomes could be explained by a decoupling of the introgression dynamics of maternal and paternal lineages. This genetic information would contribute to understanding the genetic diversity and propagation history of cattle in Central Asia.     

Economic and health burden of brucellosis in Kazakhstan

Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease considered as an emerging and re‐emerging disease with a resulting threat of public health and animal health. Official reports document an animal incidence in Kazakhstan of about 0.6% per year, and the country still registers high number of human cases annually . The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the distribution and economic impact of brucellosis in Kazakhstan. We analysed human disease incidence data obtained from the Government Sanitary & Epidemiological Service with the aim to estimate the burden of disease in terms of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs). We also estimated the economic impact in terms of monetary losses. Additionally, we mapped the geographical distribution of the disease throughout Kazakhstan. In total, 1,334 human cases of brucellosis were registered in 2015 in Kazakhstan that resulted in 713 DALYs. Around $21 million was spent on compensation for animals that had to be slaughtered due to brucellosis, and an additional $24 million was spent on testing animals. Animal brucellosis and human brucellosis occur throughout the whole country, some trends of which are reviewed in this paper. We estimated the burden of the disease and explored possible explanation for high human incidence rates. This paper is the first to estimate the human burden of disease and the economic costs in Kazakhstan. Both of these are substantial.     

实施哈国小麦过境“集改集”检验检疫监管措施与操作规范研究

在《对过境哈国小麦指定离境口岸监管措施的探讨》_^[7]的基础上,根据哈国小麦过境中国从连云港口岸离境的主要运输方式,通过对采取“集改集”运输方式实施检验检疫监管研究,提出针对性检验检疫监管措施和操作规范。