开食料中不同NDF水平对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃内环境及血清生化指标的影响

为探索开食料中不同NDF水平对犊牛生长、瘤胃发酵参数以及血清生化指标的影响,选用初生重相近(42±2.5) kg、饲喂足量初乳的中国荷斯坦犊牛60头,其中公犊牛36头,母犊牛24头。随机分为A、B、C和D 4个处理组,每个处理15头,其中9头公犊牛+6头母犊牛,试验犊牛于犊牛岛(1.5 m×3.4 m)单独饲养。15日龄开始分别饲喂NDF水平不同的4种开食料,分别为:A处理10%,B处理15%,C处理20%和D处理25%,70日龄断奶,试验期112 d。结果表明:1)0~42日龄和70~112日龄,B组日增重均高于A、C和D组(P<0.05),分别高出45.69、39.79、117.13 g·d^-1和35.33、153.29、 145.93 g·d^-1。70~112日龄,B、C和D组开食料采食量显著高于A组(P<0.05),分别高出255.20、252.48和392.27 g·d^-1。A(0.61)和B(0.60)组犊牛的饲料转化率显著高于C(0.55)和D(0.54)组(P<0.05);2)犊牛瘤胃pH在35和70日龄时,C组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),112日龄时,A和B组显著高于C和D组(P<0.05);3)瘤胃NH₃-N含量在90日龄前差异不显著(P>0.05),但在112日龄时, B、C和D组较A组显著降低16.72%、44.19%和52.10%(P<0.05);4)C和D组乙酸比例显著高于A和B组(P<0.05);B组丙酸比例较A、C和D组高出4.24%、3.18%和6.43% (P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸显著低于A、C和D组(P<0.05);5)各处理组间血清总蛋白、葡萄糖和尿素氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。1~3月龄犊牛开食料中NDF适宜水平为15%有利于提高断奶后日增重,促进饲料利用效率,改善瘤胃内环境,且对犊牛血清生化指标无不利影响。     

新疆焉耆县农村人居环境整治情况及满意度分析

农村人居环境整治作为实施乡村振兴战略的重要抓手 ,是建设美丽乡村的关键环节。通过对焉耆县农村人居环境整治示范村整治情况的分析,发现村民对人居环境的总体满意度较高,但部分村庄基础设施仍存在短板,道路、亮化等基础设施还需要进一步规范,厕所、自来水等改建设施利用率有待提高,村民人居环境认知存在不足,主动参与家园建设的意识还不够强。     

陆地棉衣分性状的主基因-多基因遗传分析

【目的】衣分是决定棉花产量的重要因素之一,有关其遗传研究相对较少,解析衣分性状遗传的特点,明确不同环境下衣分对产量形成的贡献机制。【方法】以国审优质棉中棉所70为基础构建的250个RIL(Recombinant inbred lines)群体,在黄河流域、长江流域和西北内陆棉区9个环境下对该RIL群体及其亲本进行了表型鉴定,并利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型综合研究衣分性状遗传变化特点。【结果】母本s GK中156衣分性状在9个环境下均大于父本901-001,RIL群体衣分分布范围为33.91%～40.18%,平均为38.01%,表现为双向超亲,偏度和峰度绝对值都小于1.0,呈正态分布,变异系数为5.36%～8.17%;不同环境下衣分表现为西北内陆棉区>黄河流域棉区>长江流域棉区的趋势;遗传模型是以2～4对主基因或2对主基因+多基因遗传控制,主基因遗传率在1.26%～83.13%,多基因遗传率在27.35%～90.83%,主基因+多基因遗传率在92.00%～99.35%,一般情况下衣分是以2对主基因+多基因遗传为主,在2015年河南安阳、2016年河南安阳和2016年山东临清环境下以2～4对主基因遗传,遗传效应较高,在2015年河南安阳环境下最多检测到4对主基因的存在。【结论】衣分性状主基因+多基因遗传率大于90%,结果有助于进一步阐明优质棉中棉所70产量性状衣分的遗传特征,为不同生态区条件下相互引种和推广提供科学依据,为提高棉花产量、农民增收、QTL定位和高衣分品种选育提供理论基础。     

基于改进YOLOv8n的复杂环境下柑橘识别

针对复杂环境下柑橘果实大量重叠、枝叶遮挡且现有模型参数量大、计算复杂度高等问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLOv8n的柑橘识别模型YOLOv8-MEIN。首先,该研究设计了ME卷积模块并使用它改进YOLOv8n的C2f模块。其次,为了弥补CIoU损失函数在检测任务中泛化性弱和收敛速度慢的问题,使用Inner-CIoU损失函数加速边界框回归,提高模型检测性能。最后,在自建数据集上进行模型试验对比,试验结果表明,YOLOv8-MEIN模型交并比阈值为0.5的平均精度均值mAP_0.5值为96.9%,召回率为91.7%,交并比阈值为0.5~0.95的平均精度均值mAP_0.5～0.95值为85.8%,模型大小为5.8MB,参数量为2.87M。与原模型YOLOv8n相比,mAP_0.5值、召回率、mAP_0.5～0.95值分别提高了0.4、1.0、0.6个百分点,模型大小和参数量相比于原模型分别降低了3.3%和4.3%,为柑橘的自动化采摘提供技术参考。     

不同生态条件下粳型两系杂交稻杂种优势分析

在昆明(粳稻区,海拔1901 m)、玉溪(籼粳交错区,海拔1636 m)两种生态环境下对11个粳型两系杂交稻组合及其父本农艺性状的变化和杂种优势进行研究。结果表明,在昆明和玉溪之间粳型两系杂交稻组合及其父本株高、穗长和结实率无显著性差异,受环境影响较小,而有效穗、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数、千粒重和理论产量均达极显著性差异;在玉溪有效穗、千粒重和理论产量明显高于昆明,而每穗粒数和每穗实粒数明显低于昆明。在昆明粳型两系杂交稻组合穗长和千粒重具有负向超亲优势,其余性状为正向超亲优势;在玉溪株高、千粒重和结实率方面存在负向超亲优势,其余性状为正向超亲优势;在两种生态环境下有效穗、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数和理论产量均为正向超亲优势,而千粒重均为负向超亲优势。     

不同光照对植物生长、生理生化和形态结构影响的研究进展

光照对植物的生长、生理生化和形态建成等方面有重要的作用。本文综述了不同光照环境对植物的生长、生理生化、形态结构的影响及植物对不同光照环境的适应性,并提出了该领域进一步研究的方向。     

Yield Structure of Winter Faba Beans Grown in Northern Germany in Dependence of Different Environments, Seed Rates, Sowing Rates and Genotypes

Two series of field trials were performed at three sites in Schleswig-Holstein between 1981 and 1988 to inquire into the yield structure of European winter types of Vicia faba L. and to compare their yield potential with that of spring types. Due to low winter survival, 6 winter types could be evaluated only in 4 environments in dependence of 1–3 sowing times (series α: seed rate 30/m²) and 1 winter type in 5 environments in dependence of 3 sowing times and 3 seed rates (series β: seed rate 15, 30, 45/m²). Seed yield of winter type averaged 410 g/m² (D.M.) surpassing spring types by about 14 %. Environments caused a considerable variation in yield (275–620 g/m²) and in each yield component of winter types, while sowing dates and seed rates hardly affected the components seeds/pod and seed weight, which displayed stable genotypic rank orders. Compensative forces among the components plants/m², tillers/plant and pods/tiller, were established. Plant densities of less than 10/m² in spring, generally led to seed yield below 350 g/m². Variation between 15–30 plants/m² due to environments, sowing times or seed rates were frequently not fully compensated by tillering of plants, but often variation of the thus formed yield potential was reduced by pod set of tillers resulting in 210–270 pods/m². The direction of correlations of pods/tillers with tillers/plant and plants/m² differed due to experimental conditions whereas negative correlations between pods/tiller and tillers/ m² were generally evident. Tillering was significantly influenced by the sowing time, though the increase because of early sowing was often covered by compensative effects of different plant densities. A genotypic capability to produce reproductive tillers was demonstrated using an approach which considered different plant densities and compensative forces. Neither a genotypic capability of tillers to set pods nor direct effects of environments or sowing time on pod set were established.     

Recreational tree-climbing programs in a rural Japanese community forest: Social impacts and “fun factors”

We examined whether recreational tree climbing (TC) activities would have positive social impacts and rejuvenate an outdoor activity center and surrounding community forest in central Japan. Our case study comprised 3800 adults and children participating in TC activities at the Jyokoji Outdoor Activity Center (JOAC) in Seto, Japan. We focused on 1393 adult participants whom we considered to be the decision makers regarding family recreation, and we explored both the social impacts of TC and various factors that contributed to and distracted from the overall experience. Qualitative and quantitative data indicated that elements such as age, gender, tree preferences, tree appreciation, tree education, and technical instruction influenced the enjoyment of recreational TC and the positive effects on tree climbers. Overall, the climbing program had positive social impacts for the community forest and contributed to local conservation initiatives. Our case study suggests that other areas can benefit from incorporating TC programs into community forest planning to complement aesthetic, ecological, and restoration benefits and provide a new venue for recreation and conservation awareness.     

带可调进口导叶轴流泵装置水力性能数值分析

根据轴流泵进口导叶片的设计要求,设计了可调进口导叶并开展了不同安放角进口导叶轴流泵装置的三维定常数值计算,获取了进口导叶对轴流泵装置水力性能调节的综合特性曲线,建立了带可调进口导叶轴流泵装置水力性能预测的多元非线性回归预测数学模型。依据数值计算结果和速度三角形分析了可调进口导叶对转轮及轴流泵装置水力性能的影响,结果表明:在进口导叶安放角0°时,相比不带可调进口导叶的轴流泵装置,在高效区及小流量工况时带进口导叶泵装置的能量性能变化很小,大流量工况时进口导叶的水力损失较大进而导致带进口导叶泵装置的效率下降幅度较大。随进口导叶安放角由0°逐渐向正角度增大时,泵装置的最优工况向小流量方向偏移,泵装置的流量效率曲线呈现出整体下降的趋势;随进口导叶安放角由0°逐渐向负角度减小时,泵装置的最高效率先增大后减小,但泵装置的最高效率点对应的流量未发生改变。