小型西瓜喷施“山佰松”士壤改良剂效果研究

“山佰松”（サンバィォ·エ-ス）土壤改良剂由日本东洋商社生产,是利用磁软化水和天然微生物合成的纯天然生物制剂,内含8种天然氨基酸、17种乳酸茵和多种单分子糖等,能改善土壤物理性状,提高土壤肥力,保水抗旱,降低发病率,使植株生长稳健,提高农产品质量和产量。在保护地小型西瓜应用“山佰松”土壤改良剂,试验结果显示土壤物理性状得到改善,小西瓜的生育性状、抗病性、产量及效益均可显著提高。     

速冻糯玉米汤圆复合改良剂的研制

糯玉米粉与糯米粉相比粘性稍差,为改良速冻糯玉米汤圆的品质,研究了瓜尔豆胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基变性淀粉、单甘脂和复合磷酸盐几种改良剂添加量对速冻糯玉米汤圆品质的影响,并研制了一种糯玉米汤圆复合品质改良剂,其最佳配方为:瓜儿豆胶0.5%、海藻酸钠0.6%、羧甲基淀粉2%、单甘酯0.5%。复合品质改良剂的应用,有效地改善了糯玉米汤圆的品质。     

两种改良剂对晋南盐碱地土壤性质及藜麦产量的影响

为明确土壤改良剂对盐碱地的改良效果,以藜麦为材料,设置常规施肥(氮肥0.2 g/kg +磷肥0.2 g/kg +钾肥0.1 g/kg,G)、常规施肥+聚丙烯酰胺（PAM） ［0.25（GP1）、0.50（GP2）、0.75（GP3） g/kg］和常规施肥+禾康盐碱土壤改良剂［2（GX1）、4（GX2）、6(GX3) mL/kg］,以不施磷肥+不施改良剂为对照（CK）,采用盆栽试验分析两种改良剂在藜麦种植前后对土壤性质及藜麦产量的影响。结果表明：施用改良剂能提高土壤水稳性团聚体含量和含水率,并降低土壤全盐量、钠吸附比和土壤pH,在GX2和GP2处理下改良效果显著,与G处理相比≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体百分数分别显著提升45.8%、50.7%,土壤脱盐率和土壤含水率分别提升43.2%、40.0%和41.8%、30.0%,土壤钠吸附比分别显著降低39.3%、28.7%,土壤pH显著降低,较播种前分别降低0.36、0.31。施用改良剂能显著提升藜麦的籽粒产量,在GX2和GP2处理下达到峰值,与G处理相比分别显著提升81.6%、78.5%;藜麦地上部吸磷量显著提升,分别升高36.2%、34.5%。说明两种改良剂均能改善土壤性质,提升藜麦吸磷量和产量,PAM最适用量为0.50 g/kg,禾康盐碱土壤改良剂最适用量为4 mL/kg。综合因素考虑在作用效果方面,两者之间差异不显著;在经济效益方面,PAM优于禾康盐碱土壤改良剂。     

Impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on the gluten content and composition of high protein wheat grown under humid Mediterranean conditions

The rise in high protein common wheat in humid Mediterranean areas has determined a need to compare specific and effective nitrogen (N) fertilisation protocols in order to increase their end-use value. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on grain yield and protein content (GPC), gluten fraction composition, and rheological traits. Different applications and types of fertiliser (soil applied ammonium nitrate, soil applied urea, foliar applied urea and a foliar applied commercial fertiliser) were distributed at the same rate (30 kg N ha⁻¹) in a field experiment in NW Italy, during three growing seasons. A control without any late-season N fertilisation was also considered. All the treatments received 130 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammonium nitrate (AN), which was split between tillering and the beginning of the stem elongation growth stages.None of the compared late-season N fertilisations significantly affected canopy greenness and stay green duration during the grain filling period, or the grain yield, test weight, and thousand kernel weight, although the foliar application significantly increased foliage burning (+9.8%). The late application of N consistently increased GPC (+1.1%) and dough strength (W, +21%) in the different growing seasons. The type of fertilisation strategies clearly affected the gluten content and rheological parameters: AN was more effective than urea as a soil top-dressed applied fertiliser in increasing W (+10%), as a result of a higher rise in the GPC content (+0.5%) and extensibility (L, +11%). The foliar application at anthesis, at the same N rate, led to a comparable GPC and W with those of the soil top-dressed granular fertiliser. Only a weak effect of granular urea on y/x type HMW was observed for the gluten composition. Conversely, a notable influence of year was observed (i.e. GS/Glia and y/x type HMW), which in turn resulted in a significant impact on W and P and on the aggregation time and aggregation energy.This study offers a further contribution to the improvement of specific N fertilisation strategies in order to enhance the wheat quality according to its end-use value.     

利用响应面法研究改良剂对宁麦15面条品质的影响

为了研究不同改良剂对宁麦15面条品质的影响,以宁麦15面粉为基础粉,采用响应面法中心组合试验设计,研究了谷朊粉、瓜尔豆胶和羟丙基淀粉含量对面条感官得分的影响,并建立了面条感官得分与因素变量的二次回归模型方程,该模型回归显著。响应面分析结果表明,最佳配粉工艺条件为:谷朊粉含量1.2%、瓜尔豆胶含量1.5%、羟丙基淀粉含量2.5%。在此工艺条件下面条感官得分预测值为80.9分,验证值为80.2分,与预测值的相对误差为0.87%。因素之间的交互作用显著影响面条感官得分,与不使用改良剂的感官评分70分相比提高了14.6%。     

水产养殖用水质底质改良剂问题剖析

明确了水产养殖用水质底质改良剂的定义、分类,梳理了其和渔药的关系,剖析了其在生产和使用中存在问题,针对其乱象提出了相关意见和建议。     

Effects of Mediterranean climate on wheat bread-making quality

The unpredictability of the Mediterranean climate causes a large fluctuation in wheat yield and quality but offers the opportunity for the production of high quality wheats which are lacking in the European Union.

This paper describes the effects of nitrogen fertilization rate and timing on five Triticum aestivum L. cultivars differing in bread-making quality, cultivated in six representative Italian sites (years/locations). Nitrogen was applied at each location at two rates, the first corresponding to the amount estimated to maximize grain yield, the second 30% higher. Three timings of nitrogen applications were tested including a late application at the boot stage. Bread-making quality was evaluated with the Chopin alveograph and each sample was assigned to the following qualitative classes of the Italian market: Class 1, improver wheat; Class 2, for direct bread-making; Class 3, ordinary wheat.

Cultivars differed significantly in all agronomic and qualitative traits. Grain yield was highest in the northern location (7.1 t ha⁻¹) and lowest in the south of the Italian peninsula (2.61 ha⁻¹), while in Sicily abundant rains in both years enabled a yield of 6.41 ha⁻¹ to be obtained. As far as bread-making quality is concerned, the greatest proportion of grain samples belonging to Class 1 was obtained from the northern location. The year of cultivation strongly affected quality, particularly with regard to gluten tenacity, in all locations, though the quality ranking of the cultivars remained substantially stable across locations. Nitrogen applications greater than those considered optimal to maximize yield, combined with a better distribution during the life cycle, significantly improved bread-making quality.

It was concluded that high quality wheats can be obtained in a wide range of growing conditions in the Mediterranean climate. However the likelihood of genotype × environment interactions, statistically significant for both yield and quality, call for a more precise management of nitrogen fertilization in relation to the cultivars chosen and the climatic features of each site.     

正交试验法筛选风砂土上作物增产的关键因子

利用正交试验设计,选用一年生蔬菜-白菜作为供试植物,通过盆栽试验,监测白菜生长高度和生物量的动态变化。分析土壤基质、养分和水分因子对风砂土的改良效果。结果表明：在保证白菜存活的水分前提下,基质对白菜鲜重和干重的影响最显著;养分对鲜重和干重的影响也很显著;保水剂对鲜重有一定影响,对干重的影响不显著,三个因素（养分、水分、基质）对白菜地上高度和全长的影响不显著,整体上,各因素对风砂土改良效果的显著性依次为基质〉养分〉水分,且在本试验中,处理A282C3为最佳组合,因此,认为保湿型土壤营养调理剂在风砂土上的使用效果好。