Quantifying patch distribution at multiple spatial scales: Applications to wildlife-habitat models

Multiscale analyses are widely employed for wildlife-habitat studies. In most cases, however, each scale is considered discrete and little emphasis is placed on incorporating or measuring the responses of wildlife to resources across multiple scales. We modeled the responses of three Arctic wildlife species to vegetative resources distributed at two spatial scales: patches and collections of patches aggregated across a regional area. We defined a patch as a single or homogeneous collection of pixels representing 1 of 10 unique vegetation types. We employed a spatial pattern technique, three-term local quadrat variance, to quantify the distribution of patches at a larger regional scale. We used the distance at which the variance for each of 10 vegetation types peaked to define a moving window for calculating the density of patches. When measures of vegetation patch and density were applied to resource selection functions, the most parsimonious models for wolves and grizzly bears included covariates recorded at both scales. Seasonal resource selection by caribou was best described using a model consisting of only regional scale covariates. Our results suggest that for some species and environments simple patch-scale models may not capture the full range of spatial variation in resources to which wildlife may respond. For mobile animals that range across heterogeneous areas we recommend selection models that integrate resources occurring at a number of spatial scales. Patch density is a simple technique for representing such higher-order spatial patterns.     

基于GIS的湖北省杨树良种基地空间布局研究

在传统湖北省杨树良种基地规划布局的基础上,引入遥感技术、层次分析法和地理信息系统技术,利用遥感数据的实时性和遥感解译技术,提供大量的原始数据;利用地理信息系统强大的空间分析功能和层次分析法在定性与定量分析相结合的多因素决策分析中的独特优势,对传统湖北省杨树良种基地规划布局方法进行新的尝试。湖北省杨树良种基地规划布局分成5个步骤进行：评价指标选取、指标权重确定、评价体系构建、评价因素叠加分析和评价结果分析。结果显示石首市、潜江市、嘉鱼县、赤壁市和咸安区适宜建立国家级杨树良种基地。     

南京城乡统筹发展及其与其他城市的比较

本文在对城乡统筹发展的内涵进行界定的基础上，设计了评价指标体系；利用层次分析法确定指标权重，对南京市城乡统筹发展水平进行了实证分析。研究发现：南京市城乡统筹发展水平不高，城乡差距明显。在城乡统筹的三大关系中，城乡居民关系的低水平是导致南京市城乡统筹发展水平不高的主要原因之一；通过和其他城市进行比较发现，北京和天津的城乡统筹发展水平最高．而南京市仅高于哈尔滨．和其他城市的城乡统筹发展水平有一定差距。最后，针对分析提出了相应的对策建议。     

片烟结构稳定性的综合评价

通过灰色关联聚类分析、层次分析、变异分析等统计方法,对2009年10家打叶复烤厂225份样品片烟结构的稳定性进行评价。结果表明:(1)应用灰色关联聚类分析得出片烟结构的核心指标是:中片率、小片率、叶中含梗率、12.7 mm片率;(2)通过层次分析确定中片率、小片率、叶中含梗率、12.7 mm片率的权重依次为:0.25、0.15、0.10、0.50;(3)结合变异分析对片烟结构的稳定性进行了综合评价,结果表明本方法用于片烟结构稳定性评价是有效的。     

基于层次分析法的农业科研项目绩效评估研究

构建了农业科研项目绩效评估体系和判断矩阵,使用层次分析法计算出各个评估指标的权重,对某农业职业技术学院承担的农业科研项目进行了实例分析,为农业科研项目绩效评估提供了科学的评估标准和定量依据。     

黑龙江省农产品电子商务发展的影响因素分析

黑龙江省是一个农业大省,因此,发展黑龙江省农产品电子商务具有重要的现实意义。通过定量分析与定性分析结合的方法（AHP法）,对当前影响黑龙江省农产品电子商务发展的主要因素进行了分析研究。结果表明：经过层次分析法可以看出,交易主体对农产品电子商务的认知、农产品的品牌化程度、交易主体的信息化水平、电子商务交易的安全程度、交易平台的知名度、农产品的标准化程度等因素对发展黑龙江省农产品电子商务的影响较为显著。针对影响黑龙江省农产品电子商务发展的因素,提出相关意见：（1）加强对黑龙江省涉农企业、农户等农产品电子商务参与主体的培训教育,提高参与主体对农产品电子商务的认知度和参与度。（2）建立标准化的农产品质量检测体系与农产品分拣、包装体系,提升黑龙江省农产品品牌意识。（3）制定相关电子商务交易安全法规,提高参与主体的安全意识。（4）提高电子商务平台网络营销意识,加强网络平台的宣传、推广。     

Quantifying patch distribution at multiple spatial scales: Applications to wildlife-habitat models

Multiscale analyses are widely employed for wildlife-habitat studies. In most cases, however, each scale is considered discrete and little emphasis is placed on incorporating or measuring the responses of wildlife to resources across multiple scales. We modeled the responses of three Arctic wildlife species to vegetative resources distributed at two spatial scales: patches and collections of patches aggregated across a regional area. We defined a patch as a single or homogeneous collection of pixels representing 1 of 10 unique vegetation types. We employed a spatial pattern technique, three-term local quadrat variance, to quantify the distribution of patches at a larger regional scale. We used the distance at which the variance for each of 10 vegetation types peaked to define a moving window for calculating the density of patches. When measures of vegetation patch and density were applied to resource selection functions, the most parsimonious models for wolves and grizzly bears included covariates recorded at both scales. Seasonal resource selection by caribou was best described using a model consisting of only regional scale covariates. Our results suggest that for some species and environments simple patch-scale models may not capture the full range of spatial variation in resources to which wildlife may respond. For mobile animals that range across heterogeneous areas we recommend selection models that integrate resources occurring at a number of spatial scales. Patch density is a simple technique for representing such higher-order spatial patterns.     

Introduction

The realization of strategies for sustainable land use assumes specificresearch concepts from the local to the global scale (micro-, meso- andmacroscale). Therefore, landscape ecological science has to provideinvestigation methods for all these different scales. By combiningtop-down and bottom-up approaches in addition tocoupled GIS-model applications and traditional methods, the investigation oflandscape ecological structures and processes seems to be possible. Thepresented studies show this approach on examples of two study areas in EasternGermany: A watershed of 400 km² and an administrativedistrict of about 4000 km². The scale-specificapplicability of several models and methods were tested for theseinvestigations, and the validation of the calculated results are presented. Animportant outcome of the project should be the prevention of conflicts betweenagriculture, water management and soil, and water and nature conservation;based onrecommendations for land use variants with decreased pollutant loading withinagricultural areas. The scale specific investigations can be considered as abase for establishing sustainable land use.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Landscape improvement, or ongoing degradation – reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia

Recent quantitative site-based monitoring and qualitative aerial and ground traverses provide contrasting assessments of the health of much of the arid shrublands of Western Australia extensively grazed by livestock (‘rangelands’). Although these results seem incompatible, we explain the apparent contradictions based on landscape succession processes operating at multiple levels of ecological organisation. Specifically, we suggest that the intact areas in which site-based monitoring is conducted are contracting as catchment canalisation and desiccation increase. However, the impacts of these processes have not yet become manifest at the site scale. The site-based system addresses important regional questions. These relate to the large, relatively intact areas away from most active surface flows, which should be a focus for resource conservation, given practical limits to repairing widespread degradation with low management inputs. We provide a complementary set of questions to provide a more comprehensive audit of rangeland dynamics in the context of underlying hierarchical landscape patterns and processes that might threaten intact areas. We recognise the need to match questions and levels of ecological organisation and the implications these have for sampling. We also recognise the difficulty in producing concise statements of change for clients when reporting on complex ecological issues and processes. Without a clearly articulated, and well understood, hierarchical model of pattern and process within which apparently contradictory findings can be reported meaningfully, policy makers may be confused by the results, with the consequent risk of policy inaction.     

牧草抗旱性综合评价指标体系的AHP模型设计与应用的研究

在查阅大量牧草抗旱性鉴定指标研究资料的基础上,应用层次分析法（ＡＨＰ模型,ＡｎａｌｙｔｉｃＨｉｅｒ－ａｒｃｈｙＰｒｏｃｅｓｓ）理论,根据专家咨询系统的反馈信息,对所选择的６类抗旱性鉴定指标及其２１个指标变量,进行比较判断矩阵的构建和计算,定量确定了各指标变量在牧草抗旱性综合评价体系中的权重及重要程度次序。