“永林公司”不同森林经营模式林分结构比较研究

对“永林公司”经营区9种森林经营模式林分结构比较研究,结果表明：应用Weibull分布、正态分布、对数正态分布、贝塔分布、伽玛分布等方法,对9种不同经营模式下的林分直径分布进行拟合,贝塔分布拟合效果较为理想,说明由于受到了人为的干扰破坏,林分结构发生了显著的变化.林分总体混交度均小于0.8,林分结构的均匀程度要优于整齐程度,在样地中封禁保护模式、集约经营模式的均匀度已经十分接近5,也就是接近一般均匀林的程度.     

Distances Walked by Long Established and Newcomer Horses in an Open Stable System in Northern Germany

Group housing is claimed to possibly provide horses with a species-appropriate movement possibility, and hence, better welfare. Thus, this study analyzed the daily walked distances of 51 horses held in one group in a “HIT Active Stable” (Hinrichs Innovation + Technik) in Northern Germany by using global positioning system (GPS) technology during a 7 ½-month time span. The daily walking distances of the whole group, as well as newcomers, were investigated. The horses traveled an average of 8.43 km/day. Linear mixed models were applied. The observation day had a significant effect on the daily walking distances (P < .01) due to season and the available area per horse. The age as covariate also had a significant effect (P < .01). The breed had no significant effect (P = .96). No significant differences were found in sex (P = .69), which can be explained by the fact that only mares and geldings were investigated, which do not show increasing locomotion caused by sexual behavior as stallions do. On six of the first nine days, new horses moved significantly more compared to the remaining 24 of the 30 observation days directly after individuals’ inclusion. This is probably due to more exploration and rank-fighting behavior. Similar walking distances were seen among the horses on the single observation days because all horses had to travel the same distance to reach resources. Further, it is suspected that not all horses can sufficiently live out their urges to move, especially in winter, when pasture is inaccessible.     

CIMMYT和我国玉米种质群体的配合力及杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,以丹340、Mo17、掖478和黄早四为测验种,通过2年1点田间试验,分析27个国内外玉米群体（14个CIMMYT热带、亚热带群体和13个国内群体）的主要性状配合力和产量杂种优势,并划分杂种优势群。结果表明,大多数CIMMYT群体的产量和产量性状配合力及杂种优势明显优于国内玉米群体,以Suwan l、Pob43、Pob21     

冗余驱动的三平动并联机构性能分析与优化

提出一种冗余驱动的三平动并联机构。利用李群理论和修正的Grübler-Kutzbach公式对机构的输出自由度进行了分析。建立机构的位置方程,得到位置逆解和正解表达式,分析机构的运动部分解耦特性。推导机构的雅可比矩阵,并进行奇异分析。分析机构的工作空间。采用螺旋理论和虚功原理,建立机构的动力学模型,得到驱动力的优化分配,驱动力理论分析与仿真计算结果最大偏差为0.6%。建立机构的运动学评价指标和动力学评价指标,并研究尺度参数与机构性能间的映射关系。基于性能图谱对机构的尺度参数进行优化,提高其综合性能。     

Agricultural extension approach: evidence from an Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project in Ethiopia

Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training, demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty, ensuring food security, and sustainably managing natural resources. During recent decades, different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and non-governmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system (AES). The most recent was a German-funded project entitled “Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project” (ISFM⁺), which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice. The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM⁺ and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination. The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data. ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis. Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process. Also, the ISFM⁺ was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods. Based on these empirical findings, it is argued that the ISFM⁺ approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.     

黄淮旱地组小麦品种抗旱性鉴定比较分析

为了解近年来黄淮冬麦区旱地组小麦品种抗旱性的整体情况,对2017—2019年黄淮冬麦区132个区试品种（系）在干旱胁迫下的产量及抗旱指数,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、株高等性状及抗旱系数,进行分析总结。结果表明：黄淮旱肥组、旱薄组、北部组区试品种（系）近年来品种的抗旱性趋势大体相同,胁迫情况下产量总的变化是旱肥组>旱薄组>北部组,且呈逐年稳中有升的趋势,从抗旱指数看,黄淮旱地小麦品种的抗旱整体还处于偏弱的水平;抗旱性状表现为干旱胁迫下均有不同程度的受损,均以千粒重的受损程度最小,有效穗、穗粒数、株高受损程度最大。     

2个玉米优势群体穗粒性状的密度效应分析

对Reid和非Reid 2个玉米优势群体在2种密度条件下6个穗粒性状的分析结果表明,各穗粒性状都是由多基因控制的复杂数量性状;高密度使除非Reid群体穗粗外的其余性状变劣,使非Reid群体的百粒重外的其余各性状的变异系数增大,高密度更有利于对性状实施表型选择,穗粒重和穗长更适宜作为穗粒性状耐密性的选择指标;Reid群体的耐密性优于非Reid群体;穗粒重同时由多个穗粒性状所决定,在利用Reid群体进行自交系选育过程中,更应注重协调各穗粒性状间的关系。     

我国西南玉米杂种优势群及其杂优模式研究与应用的回顾

四川农业大学于上世纪80年代,提出直接从热带种质选育自交系与温带种质自交系杂交,将温、热带种质的优点结合到杂交一代的西南玉米育种新思路,从Suwan-1群体中成功选育了自交系S37(苏37),构建了"温带种质自交系×热带种质自交系"的杂优模式。在此基础上,不断总结西南玉米育种的成功经验,经过研究和发展,又提出将西南玉米育种用种质划分为Reid(瑞德)、Non-Reid(非瑞德)和Tropical(热带)3个类群,其两两组配,可构成"Reid×Non-Reid(浅丘、河谷组配模式)、Reid×Tropical和Non-Reid×Tropical(深丘、山区组配模式)"三角形杂优组配模式。本文系统回顾了我国西南玉米育种中热带种质利用、杂种优势群划分及杂优模式研究与应用的发展历程,并对今后的发展趋势进行分析。     

小麦杂种优势群分类方法的比较研究

分类的方法和依据不同，小麦群内和群间杂种优势的测定结果也不同。为了客观评价各类方法的优劣，作者根据小麦产量性状、产量性状的一般配合力、RAPD标记等将小麦品种(系)分别归为不同的类群，试验结果表明：以RAPD标记为分类依据效果最好，GroupI与Group Ⅲ间具有明显的杂种优势，它们F1杂种的平均产量优势高达18．8％。以产量构成因素为分类依据效果稍差，但仍能区分开优势群和非优势群，群间杂种的平均产量优势最高为15．06％。以一般配合力为分类依据效果最差，群间杂种的平均产量优势甚至不及群内杂种，最高的群内杂种优势也仅有12．1％。因此认为小麦杂种优势群的建立应以RAPD标记为主要依据，兼顾产量性状，而根据亲本的一般配合力无法准确预测杂种的产量优势。