Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

酿酒葡萄成熟特性的研究

葡萄浆果成熟过程中,存在着多方面的变化。只有含糖量、含酸量的变化最有规律,最能代表葡萄品种的成熟特性。含糖量的变化与logistic曲线、含酸量的变化与对数曲线拟合性最好。不同品种成熟特性的差异,主要表现为含糖量上升速率与含酸量下降速率的不同。气象因素能明显影响葡萄的成熟特性,最终造成同一品种在不同地区成熟度的差异。     

基于CNN-Transformer的农作物病虫害知识问答意图识别与槽位填充联合模型

意图识别与槽位填充是农作物病虫害知识问答中问题理解的两个重要任务。在已有面向农业领域的研究中,上述任务仍被视为两个完全独立的子任务,并且未充分利用意图识别与槽位填充的语义信息。为此,该研究提出一种基于CNN-Transformer的意图识别与槽位填充联合模型（CDPCT-IDSF）。该模型根据农作物病虫害文本语义复杂设计CNN网络与多层Transformer结合强调局部的有用信息以缓解语义缺失问题;然后在Transformer解码器中引入对齐保证输入与输出一对一关系以提高识别正确槽位标签的能力。此外,进一步构建了包含20个意图类别、12个槽位类别和11242条标注样本的农业病虫害知识问答数据集进行对比试验,CDPCT-IDSF模型在该语料库上的槽位填充F1值为94.36%,意图识别精度为92.99%,整体识别精度为87.23%,优于其他对比模型,结果证明了所提模型在农作物病虫害意图识别与槽位填充任务上的有效性,可为面向农作物病虫害的知识问答研究提供理论支撑。     

商洛市平菇栽培及病虫害防治关键技术

商洛市作为我国平菇栽培的重要产区之一,拥有超过50年的平菇人工栽培历史,商洛地区平菇产业不仅在农业经济方面取得显著成就,而且深受市场和消费者喜爱。本文系统总结了近年来商洛市平菇的栽培技术及病虫害防治策略。详细介绍了商洛市平菇目前主推的栽培的季节及品种选择、栽培配方、制袋、养菌管理、出菇管理、采收等内容,分析了平菇的常见病虫害,并提出了相应的防治措施。这项研究为商洛地区平菇产业的发展壮大提供了技术支持。     

植物源杀菌剂大黄素甲醚对烟草病毒病的防治效果

为明确大黄素甲醚对烟草病毒病的防治效果,最佳施药时期及施用量。以0.1%大黄素甲醚水剂为试验药剂,8%宁南霉素水剂和20%盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂为对照,开展田间小区试验。结果表明,0.1%大黄素甲醚水剂于移栽定植期施药防效最好,高浓度达62.81%,中、高浓度即制剂量80克/亩、100克/亩的防效与对照药剂均无显著性差异。田间观察发现大黄素甲醚对烟草有一定促生长作用。     

山东潍坊市园林植物病虫害可持续控制研究

对潍坊园林植物主要病虫害进行调查,分析其发生特点,并提出相应对策:强调以生态学为基础,以生物防治为主导,综合采用植物检疫、栽培管理、化学防治等方法,达到对病虫害可持续控制的目的。     

工厂化生产杏鲍菇细菌性病害的防治

工厂化生产杏鲍菇细菌性病害,是由假单孢杆菌引发的重要病害,在特定的控温、控湿、控光、控CO2条件下,每年重复利用出菇房18次以上的出菇房很容易发生、并迅速传播,给杏鲍菇工厂化生产企业带来不同程度的损失;研究、制定的10条预防措施,可以有效控制病害的发生、蔓延。     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.     

生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Ht-q6可湿性粉剂的研制及对番茄病害的田间防效

为了研制一种高效、安全及无污染的生防菌剂,本文以核桃内生生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Ht-q6为材料,通过室内筛选和田间试验,确定了生防菌Ht-q6可湿性粉剂的最佳助剂配方及对番茄叶霉病和灰霉病的田间防效。结果表明,可湿性粉剂的最佳配方为载体硅藻土（85%）、润湿剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（6%）、分散剂木质素磺酸钠（6%）、稳定剂KH₂PO₄（1.0%）、紫外保护剂抗坏血酸（1.0%）。该粉剂芽胞含量2.28×10¹⁰ cfu/g、杂菌率0.5%、pH 5.8、细度93.5%、干燥减量2.5%、润湿时间45 s、悬浮率85.6%,符合国家标准值,质量合格。同时采用喷雾法测定了不同浓度菌剂对大棚中番茄病害的防治效果,结果表明,稀释200×（制剂用量225 g/667m²）的可湿性粉剂对番茄灰霉病和叶霉病的防效分别为77.1%和74.3%,与对照药剂75%百菌清的防效相比,叶霉病防效差异不显著而灰霉病防效差异显著。该菌剂的研制在生产实践中为番茄病害提供一条生防途径。     

文冠果主要病虫害类型及防治技术研究

文冠果是我国北方地区种植面积较广的一类树种,经济价值较高。该文结合实际,对影响文冠果树丰产的主要病虫害类型进行简单的总结,提出相应的防治技术要点,为降低文冠果种植中病虫危害提供参考。