An improved method for extraction of sorghum polymeric protein complexes

A method for fractionating sorghum proteins using extraction solvents and techniques designed to obtain polymeric protein structures (especially disulfide linked) was developed. Extraction and separation conditions were optimized in terms of completeness of protein extraction, sample stability, and analytical resolution. After pre-extraction of albumins and globulins, a 3-step sequential procedure involving no reducing agents was applied to ground whole sorghum flour. The three fractions obtained represented proportionally different protein polymer contents and molecular weight distribution as evidenced by comparative size exclusion chromatography. Protein composition also varied among the extracts with differences in kafirin composition and non-kafirin proteins detected in the fractions by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis. The ability to quantify and further characterize sorghum polymeric protein complexes will be useful for additional studies linking protein structures with functionality and digestibility and variations for these properties within diverse sorghum germplasm.     

Transgenic sorghum with suppressed synthesis of kafirin subclasses: Effects on flour and dough rheological characteristics

Arising from work showing that conventionally bred high protein digestibility sorghum types have improved flour and dough functionality, the flour and dough properties of transgenic biofortified sorghum lines with increased protein digestibility and high lysine content (TG-HD) resulting from suppressed synthesis of several kafirin subclasses, especially the cysteine-rich γ-kafirin, were studied. TG-HD sorghums had higher flour water solubility at 30 °C (p < 0.05) and much higher paste viscosity (41% higher) than their null controls (NC). TG-HD doughs were twice as strong as their NC and dynamic rheological analysis indicated that the TG doughs were somewhat more elastic up to 90 °C. CLSM of doughs and pastes indicated that TG-HD had a less compact endosperm protein matrix surround the starch compared to their NC. The improved flour and dough functional properties of the TG-HD sorghums seem to be caused by reduced endosperm compactness resulting from suppression of synthesis of several kafirin subclasses which modifies protein body and protein matrix structure, and to improved protein-starch interaction through hydrogen bonding specifically caused by reduction in the level of the hydrophobic γ-kafirin. The improved flour functionality of these transgenic biofortified sorghums can increase their commercial utility by complementing their improved nutritional quality.     

紫茉莉茎提取物及其萃取物对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性

用饲喂法、叶片夹毒法、叶磲法测定了紫茉莉茎的3种极性溶剂(石油醚、氯仿和乙醇)提取物及萃取物对菜粉蝶幼虫的毒杀活性、胃毒作用、非选择性拒食活性.结果表明,紫茉莉茎氯仿提取物的毒杀与拒食效果最好,处理第5天后的校正死亡率为89.20%.取食第3天与第5天的拒食率分别为96.80%与99.67%;也测定了紫茉莉茎氯仿提取物(简称MSCE)各萃取物(正己烷、氟仿和水萃取物)对4龄菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性.结果表明,MSCE的正己烷萃取物第5天与第7天的毒杀效果最好,其校正死亡率分别为79.80%与78.90%;其对4龄菜粉蝶幼虫的胃毒作用明显的强于其他各萃取物.     

烟草蛋白研究进展

从烟草中提取烟草蛋白,是解决目前动物蛋白紧缺问题的有效途径之一。介绍了烟草蛋白的组成与特性,分析了烟叶作为蛋白来源的潜力,综述了国内外烟草蛋白分离纯化技术的研究进展,讨论了影响烟草蛋白制备的主要因素,并对烟草蛋白的开发利用进行了展望。     

红蓼种子萃取物对黏虫的作用机理

测定了红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对黏虫5龄幼虫体内5种酶活性的影响,结果表明,红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对黏虫幼虫体内Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用,而对其他几种酶活性没有明显作用。     

数字图像估测棉花光合有效辐射吸收比例

研究利用数字图像技术估测棉花光合有效辐射吸收比例的方法,以期为棉花生长状况的动态监测提供依据。2013-2014年设置不同株行距配置试验,在棉花关键生育时期通过数码相机、线性光量子传感器分别测定棉花覆盖度和光合有效辐射吸收比例。结果表明,不同配置方式下,fCover和fAPAR的季节变化规律基本一致,生育后期由于非绿色器官的增多致使低估fCover;fCover与fIPAR和fAPAR呈线性的极显著正相关,与LAI和干物质呈指数的极显著正相关;综合分析2a数据,建立图像覆盖度估测fAPAR的模型(R2=0.895,SE=0.076);根据独立试验数据对估测模型进行检验的结果显示,模型的决定系数(R2=0.964)较高且预测误差(RMSE=0.058)较小。因此,图像覆盖度是一种简便、快捷、有效地估测棉花光合有效辐射吸收比例的方法。     

Incorporation of 14CO2 and 15NH4 into amino acids of the two subunits of fraction 1 protein in spinach leaves

In the investigation of nitrogen metabolism in plants, it is important to deal with proteins, which are the end-products of nitrogen metabolism.     

脱硫石膏改良对碱化土壤磷素营养的影响

为探明脱硫石膏对碱化土壤磷素有效性影响的机制,采用田间试验方法,研究不同脱硫石膏施用量对碱化土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分等的影响。结果显示,与对照相比,施入脱硫石膏处理土壤全磷含量无明显变化,速效磷降低,无机磷含量升高;脱硫石膏施入土壤无机磷的增加主要以Ca₂ P和Ca8 P态为主,无机磷平均含量增加的变化顺序依次为Ca₂ P>Ca8 P>Fe P>O P>Al P >Ca10 P。Ca8 P可作为潜在磷源,成为Ca₂ P的有效补充,土壤有效磷的降低和无机磷组分磷酸钙盐增加在一定范围内未影响到油葵对磷素的吸收,22.5×10~33.75×10 kg /hm脱硫石膏施用量对重度碱化土壤磷素营养最为有利,过量施用对油葵生长不利。总之,脱硫石膏改良引起碱化土壤无机磷组成变化是控制磷素营养的重要机制。     

海带岩藻聚糖及其级分在氧化应激条件下对肉鸡巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响

【目的】在氧化应激条件下,研究海带岩藻聚糖及其级分对肉鸡巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响,初步探讨海带岩藻聚糖及其级分的免疫调节功能与抗氧化作用的关系。【方法】以叔丁基过氧化氢（tBOOH）为活性氧诱导剂,加入肉鸡腹腔巨噬细胞培养液中,测定细胞培养液中抗氧化酶的变化,巨噬细胞分泌一氧化氮（NO）、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶（iNOS）、以及细胞因子IL-1和TFN-α等免疫指标的变化。【结果】用tBOOH处理后的巨噬细胞,细胞存活率显著下降（P＜0.05）,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和丙二醛（MDA）显著升高（P＜0.05）,SOD和GSH-Px酶活性显著降低（P＜0.05）。巨噬细胞的吞噬活性显著降低（P＜0.05）,NO、iNOS和呼吸爆发显著降低（P＜0.05）,细胞因子IL-1分泌量显著下降（P＜0.05）,表明细胞出现明显的氧化损伤。在培养液中加入海带岩藻聚糖及其级分,能够缓解细胞的氧化应激,使得细胞存活率上升,LDH和MDA降低,SOD和GSH-Px升高,免疫指标均有不同程度的恢复。【结论】海带岩藻聚糖及其级分具有抗氧化活性,不同级分的抗氧化活性存在差异,其中级分Ⅲ、级分Ⅳ的作用较强。海带岩藻聚糖对巨噬细胞的免疫促进作用与其抗氧化活性有关。     

长期施肥条件下设施栽培土壤无机磷组分及其剖面分布特点

采用张守敬和Jackson(1957年)提出的土壤无机磷分组测定方法,对施肥17年的蔬菜保护地土壤无机磷的形态及其剖面分布规律进行了研究。结果表明,土壤无机磷组分及其剖面分布受施入的有机肥影响较大。施有机肥组(A组),土壤中O-P含量占无机磷总量百分数最高,平均为35%～47%;不施有机肥组(B组),土壤中Ca-P含量占无机磷总量百分数最高,平均为29%～39%。长期施用有机肥能够增加20cm以下土层中无机磷含量;施有机肥组(A)和不施有机肥组(B)各处理土壤不同形态无机磷含量均随土层加深而逐渐降低,但在0～60cm土层内,有机肥组不同形态无机磷含量均高于不施有机肥组。长期施用磷肥会增加土壤中无机磷的积累量,而且有效性较高的Ca-P、Al-P积累程度高于较稳定的O-P、Fe-P积累程度。