Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.     

上虞海涂实验农场中心试验区排水系统探讨

上虞市海涂实验农场中心试验区的排水系统，能满足十年一遇的年最大２４ｈ降雨，两天内排出的要求。滨海盐土的地下水位高，农田基本建设除用浅、密的排水沟布置外，还应结合平整土地、发展灌溉以及适用的农、林技术等综合措施，才能达到治盐改土的效果。     

缺氧对甘蓝型黄籽与黑籽油菜发芽的影响

随机选取甘蓝型黄籽、黑籽油菜各20个品系,将萌发中的种子进行淹水缺氧处理,观察黄籽、黑籽品系耐湿性表现.结果表明,甘蓝型黄籽油菜的相对成苗率、相对苗高、相对苗重、活力指数低于黑籽油菜,单位电导率高于黑籽油菜.无论是黄籽油菜还是黑籽油菜,品种间的耐湿性差异都很大.电导率与活力指数之间有极显著的负相关,可用来快速筛选油菜耐湿性材料.     

我国住宅现代化生产相关问题研究

本文从我国住宅产业发展现状入手,针对我国住宅现代化生产相关问题进行分析和研究,提出住宅产业现代化的是解决住房矛盾的前提、模数协调是住宅现代化生产的技术基础、认证制度是住宅现代化生产的有力保证、住宅性能评价体系是住宅现代化生产的重要内容的观点,对当前形势下我国住宅产业的发展方向具有一定的指导意义。     

定向刨花板弹性模量理论分析的试验验证

介绍了定向刨花板的试验方法和过程；并应用概率设计理论求出了定向刨花板主方向的弹性模量，对定向刨花板产品进行了试验研究并与实验室产品进行了分析比较；分析了影响定向刨花板产品质量的主要因素。解决了定向刨花板弹性模量的理论求解公式的实验验证问题，论证了理论推导结果的正确性，尝试将现代设计方法和微观力学理论应用于人造板的力学性能分析和研究中，以推动定向刨花板的计算机仿真工作的开展。     

市政工程中给排水施工的管理分析

随着国内城市化的推进，市政工程的给排水工程越发显得重要。传统的给排水施工技术已经无法满足城市发展要求，社会对给排水的施工质量提出了更高地要求。文章结合当前给排水施工管理现状，对给排水施工的施工管理各方面进行简要探析。     

How to characterize ‘good’ and ‘greening’ in the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): the case of clay soils in the Netherlands

The change in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union from product to producer support, including requirements for ‘good agricultural and environmental conditions’ and ‘greening’, is excellent. However, these requirements are now defined in rather general terms. Questions can be raised about suitable indicators, and there is a recognized need for effective management recommendations to support farmers in achieving the required ‘good’ conditions. These recommendations are bound to be quite different for different soils in different countries. A study of Dutch clay soils was based on a storyline describing current problems and management options for improvement, which were quantified using a soil–water–crop simulation model. Indicators were defined for agricultural conditions and suggestions made for the use of the model in a predictive mode to help farmers improve their soil management. Environmental conditions were judged by current environmental guidelines for water and air. When modelling, implicit assumptions that soils are homogeneous were shown to be unrealistic for these clay soils, requiring development of innovative methods and procedures, presenting a challenge for soil research.     

基于SHPB试验的桦木压缩动力学特性

【目的】利用木材动态压缩加载试验研究热磨机研磨解离破碎阶段木材原料受动态压缩载荷的动力学特性，并研究应变率、加载方向对木材原料动力学特性的影响，旨在深化木材原料研磨解离机制的研究，为热磨法纤维分离设备及磨片的齿形结构优化设计提供理论指导。【方法】利用 Hopkinson 杆试验装置对含水率为12.65%、密度为0.50 g·cm －3的桦木试件进行应变率约为400，800，1200 s －1，加载方向为径向、弦向和轴向的动态压缩试验，获得桦木在不同应变率及方向上动态压缩加载的解离特征、动态应力－应变曲线及相应的力学特性。【结果】对比分析各组试验后试件的破坏形态发现：1)当应变率约为400 s －1时，径向、弦向和轴向加载的试件主要发生塑性变形；2)当应变率约为800 s －1时，径向加载试件被解离成几大块，并且有一些“火柴棍”状的小试件从大试件上剥离；弦向加载试件沿加载方向上产生更大的塑性变形，并且在试件上、下两端处沿加载方向产生贯穿性裂纹，试件被解离成三大块；轴向加载试件受载面边缘处的纤维大量产生压溃现象，在加载面上产生贯穿性裂纹且有片状小试件从大试件上剥离；3)当应变率约为1200 s －1时，径向加载试件被解离成大量“火柴棍”状的小试件，并且小试件的尺寸明显小于应变率为800 s －1时；弦向加载试件沿加载方向上产生的塑性变形与应变率为800 s －1时相当，但是试件上端处被解离成许多片状的小试件，并且沿加载方向试件上产生了数条贯穿整个试件的大裂纹；轴向加载试件被解离成大量短粗状的小试件，并且小试件上带有明显的褶皱。对比分析各组试验试件的应力－应变曲线发现：1)动态压缩加载条件下桦木的应力－应变曲线可以由屈服点应变分为弹性阶段和屈服后弱线性强化阶段2部分；2)桦木沿径向加载应变率约为400，800，1200 s －1时，其屈服强度和韧性模量分别为4.56，10.49，14.22 MPa 和2.88，8.32，20.70 kJ·cm －3，应变率从400 s －1增加到1200 s －1时，屈服强度和韧性模量分别增加了2.11和6.19倍；3)桦木沿弦向加载应变率约为400，800，1200 s －1时，其屈服强度和韧性模量分别为5.87，7.90，9.65 MPa 和2.53，7.41，12.92 kJ·cm －3，应变率从400 s －1增加到1200 s －1时，其屈服强度和韧性模量分别增加了0.64和4.10倍；4)桦木沿轴向加载应变率约为400，800，1200 s －1时，其屈服强度分别为22.90，71.41，96.37 MPa 和18.79，67.74，114.32 kJ·cm －3，应变率从400 s －1增加到1200 s －1时，其屈服强度和韧性模量分别增加了3.21和5.08倍。【结论】随着应变率的增加，桦木的解离程度加大，径向加载最易解离，轴向加载最难解离；桦木的动态压缩屈服强度、动态压缩韧性模量具有很强的应变率敏感性，是一种应变率敏感材料。     

人造板弹性模量测量不确定度的评定

按照JJF—1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的方法,对中密度纤维板弹性模量测量试验中影响其测量结果不确定度进行了分析和评定。     

各向同性人造板材料弹性模量测量及其标准差评价

弹性模量是衡量人造板材料力学性能的重要指标,用标准差法对其进行综合评价尤为必要,对其实测及方差分析具有较好的应用价值。采用三点弯曲静力法和悬臂梁自由端振动法,测定各向同性HDF、三合板和OSB试材的静弹性模量和动弹性模量。在实测数据分析中,为反映总体弹性模量实测值数据集的离散程度及落在样本统计值某一区内的概率,还确定了其置信区间,评价了置信度。结果表明:各向同性人造板材料的静弹性模量和动弹性模量测试结果一致,其置信区间越大,置信水平越高。