Habitat fragmentation in an urban environment: large and small fragments support different arthropod assemblages

We investigated the effects of fragmentation due to urbanisation on the species composition and functional roles of ants, beetles, spiders, flies and wasps. The study was conducted in 21 fragments of heath and woodland in south-eastern Australia classed as either ‘small’ (? 4 km²) or ‘large’ (? 80 km²). Arthropods were pitfall-trapped and identified to family or genus and morphospecies and microhabitat characteristics were recorded. Large fragments did not support more species per unit area than small fragments for most arthropods, although there were more species of ants per sampling unit in small than large woodland fragments, mainly due to a higher frequency of generalist species in smaller fragments. Large and small habitat fragments contained different assemblages of spiders, wasps and ants, indicating that predators and parasitoids are affected more strongly than other trophic groups. Arthropod assemblages within larger fragments where grids were furthest apart were less similar than those within smaller fragments where grids were closer together in woodland, but not in heath. The responses of arthropods to fragmentation suggest that, in addition to effects of reduced area and proximity to the urban matrix, changes in fire regimes and the degradation of habitats resulting from urbanisation, may have a role in altering arthropod assemblages, particularly affecting those species belonging to higher trophic levels. Management goals for urban remnants should identify mechanisms for controlling fire and anthropogenic disturbance such that they closely resemble the levels of these factors in larger fragments.     

3种实蝇基因组DNA提取及ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立

为探讨高品质实蝇基因组DNA提取,研究模板DNA浓度、引物浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶用量、dNTP浓度、退火温度及时间对ISSR-PCR扩增结果的影响,以3种实蝇为材料,建立通用且稳定的实蝇ISSR-PCR反应体系。结果表明:获得了高品质实蝇基因组DNA;确立了通用且稳定的实蝇ISSR-PCR反应体系:10×PCRBuffer2.5μL,模板DNA50ng,引物0.25μmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶0.50U,dNTP200μmol/L,最后加ddH2O至25μL;明确了ISSR-PCR扩增程序:94℃预变性5min,94℃变性30s,52.4℃退火45s,72℃延伸90s,循环36次,最后72℃延伸7min,4℃保存。体系的建立弥补了实蝇传统形态检测的不足,为快速准确鉴定、种群异质性及遗传多样性分析奠定了基础。     

24种入境截获有瓣蝇类的数量分类研究

[目的]为提高对入境有瓣蝇类的鉴定水平奠定基础.[方法]选择27个形态学性状,应用数量分类学原理和方法对24种入境蝇类进行了研究.[结果] 24种有瓣蝇类被归为花蝇科、蝇科、麻蝇科三大类.用数值分类方法进行有瓣蝇类分类,其在科级、属级的聚类结果均与经典形态学分类相吻合.[结论]数值分类学方法可作为分子生物学分类和形态分类方法的有益补充.     

3种实蝇基因组DNA提取及ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立

为探讨高品质实蝇基因组DNA提取,研究模板DNA浓度、引物浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶用量、dNTP浓度、退火温度及时间对ISSR-PCR扩增结果的影响,以3种实蝇为材料,建立通用且稳定的实蝇ISSR-PCR反应体系。结果表明：获得了高品质实蝇基因组DNA;确立了通用且稳定的实蝇ISSR-PCR反应体系：10×PCR Buffer 2.5 μL,模板DNA 50 ng,引物0.25 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.50 U,dNTP 200 μmol/L,最后加ddH2O至25 μL;明确了ISSR-PCR扩增程序：94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性30 s,52.4℃退火45 s,72℃延伸90 s,循环36次,最后72℃延伸7 min,4℃保存。体系的建立弥补了实蝇传统形态检测的不足,为快速准确鉴定、种群异质性及遗传多样性分析奠定了基础。     

Bartonella,bats and bugs: A review

Ecological, immunological, and epidemiological factors enable bats to transmit an increasingly recognized spectrum of zoonotic agents, and bartonellae are among those emerging pathogens identified in bats and their arthropod ectoparasites. Current data reveal a multifaceted disease ecology where diverse host species distributed around the world interact with a number of Bartonella spp. and several potential vectors. This review summarizes the methods and findings of studies conducted since 2005 to illustrate that Bartonella bacteremia varies by bat species, location, and other potential variables, such as diet with a very high prevalence in hematophagous bats. Among bat families, Bartonella prevalence ranged from 7.3% among Nycteridae to 54.4% in Miniopteridae. Further research can build on these current data to better determine risk factors associated with Bartonella infection in bat populations and the role of their ectoparasites in transmission.     

Cryptosporidium Recovered from Musca domestica,Musca sorbens and Mango Juice Accessed by Synanthropic Flies in Bahirdar,Ethiopia

The study was conducted to determine the role of house flies, Musca domestica and Musca sorbens to carry Cryptosporidium species in natural environment and filth flies potential for contamination of food item they visited using acid‐fast stain technique. Cryptosporidium was identified from flies collected in dairy cow barns, butchery, market and defecating grounds. Musca domestica captured from dairy cow barns and M. sorbens from defecating ground were found carrying more oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst load per fly for M. domestica and M. sorbens was 5.84 and 3.42, respectively. Flies’ population dynamics in each month had little relation to the monthly oocyst frequency, r = 0.06 and 0.02 for M. domestica and M. sorbens, respectively. Cryptosporidium species oocysts were isolated from frozen mango juice, which filth flies visited in dairy farm barn. Load of oocysts in the mango juice was dependent on time contact of flies with mango juice and more oocysts were recovered (P < 0.05) in mango juice samples accessed by filth flies for longer period. Role of filth flies to carry and deposit Cryptosporidium species oocyst for development of food‐borne cryptosporidiosis is signified.     

蝇类的开发与利用

蝇类是一类极其丰富而宝贵的自然资源。蝇蛆高蛋白、低脂肪,是优良的动物蛋白,可用来生产营养食品、保健食品,或作为经济动物饲料。蝇蛆含有抗菌肽、蛋白质水解酶等多种活性物质,能治疗多种疾病,并有抗肿瘤的作用,用来提取高效广谱抗菌肽、抗癌凝集素。蛹壳可用于生产几丁质。