Comparative effect of advanced soy products or corn protein concentrate with porcine meal on growth,body composition,and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diets containing advanced soy products (enzyme‐treated soy and fermented soy) or corn protein concentrate (CPC) in combination with porcine meal (PM) to completely replace poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, to contain 400 g/kg crude protein and 80 g/kg lipid. A reference diet (PBM diet [PBMD]) contained 150 g/kg PBM and 495 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), and three test diets were formulated replacing PBM with 15 g/kg of CPC (CPC diet [CPCD]) or replacing all SBM and PBM with 535 g/kg fermented soy (fermented soybean meal diet [FSBMD]) or 451.3 g/kg enzyme‐treated soy (enzyme‐treated soybean meal diet [ESBMD]). All three test diets were supplemented with 38 g/kg of PM. Diets were fed based on a percentage of bodyweight adjusted after sampling the fish every 2 weeks to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 8.06 ± 0.22 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed CPCD and ESBMD performed equally well in terms of final body weight, thermal growth coefficient, and percentage weight gain in comparison to fish fed PBMD. In all cases, feeding FSBMD resulted in poor feed conversion and lower feed intake compared to other treatments. Protein retention efficiency, whole‐body proximate composition, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc contents were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The results obtained in the present histological study showed no significant differences in the thickness of serous layer, muscular layer, and submucosal layer of the intestine among treatments. Fish fed CPCD showed a significant widening of the lamina propria with an increase of cellular infiltration and higher presence of goblet cells compared to other dietary treatment. Based on these results, 451 g/kg ESBM or combination of 150 g/kg of CPC and 495 g/kg SBM supplemented with 38 g/kg PM can be utilized to develop a practical diet for juvenile Florida pompano without impacting growth, nutritive parameters, and several distal intestine health parameters.     

农药酶免疫分析技术研究进展

自从酶免疫分析原理提出后，近30年来已获得了巨大的进步，成为农药分析的一个非常重要的方法。本文对农药酶免疫分析技术的原理和测定程序进行了评述．并总结了近年酶免疫分析在农药领域研究中的应用，最后，对农药酶免疫分析技术存在的问题和发展趋势作了讨论。     

Gly-Gly肽和Gly-L-Leu肽在蛋鸡肠道内水解的研究

采用蛋鸡离体外翻肠段培养法,将小肠分为十二指肠、空肠前段、中段、后段和回肠五个部位肠段,洗净外翻。2种二肽培养液(Gly-Gly肽和Gly-L-Leu肽溶液)作为两组对照培养液,每种二肽培养液中添加肽酶抑制剂(Bestatin和Amastatin),作为试验培养液,39.5℃培养25min,每5min取样一次,测定培养液中的二肽含量。结果表明,培养5min后,含Gly-Gly肽的对照和试验培养液中均未能检测到完整Gly-Gly肽。而含Gly-L-Leu肽的对照培养液Gly-L-Leu肽的含量降低到16.75％,试验培养液则下降到43.40％。而试验培养液中Gly-L-Leu肽的含量10min后无显著降低(P>0.05)。各培养时段试验培养液Gly-L-Leu含量均显著高于对照培养液(P<0.05)。由此认为,离体肠囊在培养过程中能够迅速释放肠肽酶及一些生物活性物质,快速水解2种二肽。肽酶抑制剂(Bestatin和Amastatin)能抑制Gly-L-Leu的水解,但不能抑制Gly-Gly的水解。     

Effect of benazepril and pimobendan on serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity in dogs

To support their combined use, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of benazepril and pimobendan on serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity in dogs. A total of 48 healthy beagle dogs were randomized into four groups (n = 12 per group) in a parallel‐group design study: A (control, placebo twice daily (BID)); B (0.5–1.0 mg/kg benazepril once daily (SID) in the morning, placebo in the evening); C (0.25–0.5 mg/kg benazepril BID); D (0.25–0.5 mg/kg benazepril and 0.125–0.25 mg/kg pimobendan, both BID). The test items were administered orally for 15 days. Serum ACE activity was measured on days 1 and 15. Groups B, C and D had significantly lower average serum ACE activity compared to baseline and to the control group, on both days 1 and 15. There were no significant differences in average ACE activity between groups B, C and D. Noninferiority of group C to B was demonstrated. In conclusion, 0.25–0.5 mg/kg benazepril administered BID produced noninferior inhibition of serum ACE activity compared to 0.5–1.0 mg/kg benazepril dosed SID. Pimobendan had no significant effect on benazepril's action on serum ACE activity. The results support the use of benazepril BID in dogs and in combination with pimobendan.     

两种养殖密度对刀鲚当年鱼种生长性能、消化及非特异性免疫能力的影响

为研究中、高养殖密度对刀鲚当年鱼种生长、存活、消化及非特异性免疫能力的影响,本实验采用池塘培育方式,以同批次人工繁育的刀鲚当年鱼种[ (0.88±0.26）g和（0.55±0.20)g]为研究对象,进行为期96d的养殖试验。结果显示：中密度养殖塘(62#,6尾/m2)刀鲚的体长和体质量增长速度均显著大于高密度养殖塘(56#,11尾/m2) (P<0.05),其中体长相对增长率是56#塘的3.4倍,体质量相对增长率是56#塘的6.5倍;肥满度和存活率均大于56#塘,分别为0.290g/cm3,83.5%和0.278g/cm3,79.7%。养殖期间,62#塘淀粉酶(AMS)活力均显著大于56#塘(P<0.05),并随养殖时间呈先升高后降低的趋势;而胰蛋白酶(TPS)活力表现出先降低后升高的变化,除养殖中期时与56#塘无显著差异外,其他时间均显著大于56#塘(P<0.05)。62#塘胃蛋白酶(PPS)活力在养殖前中期均明显大于56#塘(P<0.05),之后降低至显著低于56#塘(P<0.05),而56#塘PPS活力随时间无显著变化。62#塘脂肪酶(LPS)活力随养殖时间逐渐升高,至养殖中期时与56#塘无显著差异,其他时间均显著小于56#塘(P<0.05)。两塘间的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均无明显差异(P>0.05),但随养殖时间逐渐降低。62#塘谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力随养殖进行均显著大于56#塘(P<0.05),其中CAT活力随养殖时间显著升高,GSH-PX活力无明显变化;56#塘的CAT呈先升后降趋势,而GSH-PX随养殖时间而逐渐降低。因此,在本实验条件下,高密度对刀鲚幼鱼的生长速度、消化能力和免疫系统产生一定的负面影响,而中密度养殖塘刀鲚鱼种的生长、消化及免疫性能均优于高密度,更适合刀鲚鱼种的培育和规模化养殖。     

南京城市林业土壤的肥力特征分析

采集南京市不同功能区林地0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤,分别测定土壤的理化性质和酶活性。研究结果表明,南京城市林业表层土壤(0~20 cm)的容重大,孔隙度和渗透性小;土壤质地以粉壤土为主,所占比例为60.42%,土壤中普遍含有砾石,但含量不是很高;土壤以中性土和碱性土为主,非天然林土壤的pH明显高于城郊天然林下土壤;土壤有机质和全氮含量偏低,土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)偏高,非天然林土壤中有效磷富集,但城郊天然林土壤有效磷缺乏,土壤速效钾富集。0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤中,过氧化氢酶活性平均值分别为0.25 mL/g和0.31 mL/g,脱氢酶活性平均值分别为32.14 mg/g和20.91 mg/g,碱性磷酸酶活性平均值分别为16.7 mg/kg和9.5 mg/kg,纤维素酶活性平均值分别为0.002 1 mg/g和0.001 mg/g。过氧化氢酶活性、脱氢酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮含量都有显著相关性,是表征城市林业土壤肥力的重要生物指标。     

饲粮添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能与瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响,为酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌在肉羊饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用48只4月龄、体重相近(22.96±2.00)kg、健康的杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交F₁代公羔,根据饲喂添加剂不同随机分为4组:D(对照组,两种菌均不添加);D1(酿酒酵母,6×10¹⁰ CFU/kg);D2(地衣芽孢杆菌,2×10¹⁰ CFU/kg);D3(酿酒酵母6×10¹⁰ CFU/kg+地衣芽孢杆菌2×10¹⁰ CFU/kg),每组12只羊,试验期共75 d,前15 d为适应期,正饲期60d。试验羊每天分别于08:00和18:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水。正饲期内每天准确称量记录每只试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,并在第1、30、60天晨饲前对试验羊进行称重,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重(ADG)及料重比(F/G)。试验结束当天08:00正常饲喂试验羊,3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定发酵参数、消化酶活性以及功能微生物。【结果】1)饲粮中添加酿...     

代谢酶抑制剂PX对除草剂防除稗草的增效作用

为解决除草剂防除困难的问题,采用室内盆栽试验测定了PX、PM和Mn²⁺三种代谢酶抑制剂对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶防除稗草Echinochloa crus-galli的增效作用,测定不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对这5种除草剂的增效作用及其与莠去津混用后稗草体内谷胱甘肽转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和细胞色素 P450（cytochrome P450,CYP450）活性的变化。结果显示,在3种代谢酶抑制剂中,代谢酶抑制剂PX对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶5种除草剂的增效作用最显著。不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对不同除草剂的增效作用不同,其中75 g (a.i.)/hm²代谢酶抑制剂PX对莠去津的增效最佳,株防除效果和鲜重防除效果分别增加了35.33个百分点和37.33个百分点。莠去津与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用后,稗草体内GST和CYP450活性均较对照显著降低。表明除草剂与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用能增加除草剂对稗草的防除效果,可以达到减施除草剂的目的。     

套袋对‘茌梨’果实蔗糖代谢及相关酶基因表达的影响

 研究了4种材质的果袋套袋处理对‘茌梨’（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Chili’）果实生长发育过程中可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明,果实中的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及可溶性总糖含量均随着果实的发育进程而增加;不同材质果袋影响糖增加的程度不同,套黄蜡纸袋的糖增加最少;转化酶（Ivr）活性随着果实的发育而降低,套袋降低了花后75 ~ 90 d 和花后150 d 果实酸性转化酶（AI）活性,而对中性转化酶（NI）影响不明显;蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性随着果实的发育而增加,套袋处理不同程度上降低了SPS活性,以套黄蜡纸袋最为明显,其次是套白蜡纸袋和无纺布袋,套塑料膜袋的大部分测试点与对照差异不显著;随着果实的发育,果实中蔗糖合成酶合成活性（SSs）逐渐增加,蔗糖合成酶分解活性（SSc）逐渐下降,套袋对SSs活性影响在多数测定点差异不显著,但降低了果实发育后期SSc活性。蔗糖代谢相关酶基因AIV1、AIV2、SPS1和SUS1表达的实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,套袋降低了AIV2的相对表达量,降低程度套无纺布袋大于套塑料膜袋;推迟了果实中SPS1的相对表达量最大值出现的时间,套塑料膜袋果的SPS1相对表达量在发育前期显著低于对照;影响了SUS1相对表达量的变化,整个发育过程未见套塑料膜袋果有SUS1相对表达量高峰出现,套黄蜡纸袋果的SUS1相对表达量最大值较对照提前15 d,之后显著低于对照。     

转YHem1 番茄植株耐盐性的研究

 YHem1是一个由拟南芥HemA1启动子（一种光响应型启动子）控制的酿酒酵母菌5–氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）合酶基因（Hem1）。将该基因转化番茄植株,可以提高叶片内源ALA含量及其代谢能力,增加叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性,并降低产生速率和丙二醛（MDA）含量。200 mmol ·L^-1 NaCl处理,降低了野生型番茄叶片ALA合成与代谢能力和叶绿素含量,同时诱导叶片产生速率、H₂O₂和丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）等抗氧化酶活性则逐渐降低。盐胁迫也导致转YHem1番茄ALA合成与代谢能力、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性下降,但其降幅明显低于野生型。盐处理10 d后,转基因番茄植株保持着较高的生物学积累量和较低的盐胁迫抑制程度,说明转入YHem1基因可以提高番茄耐盐性。此外,转基因番茄叶片H₂O₂含量始终保持较高水平,暗示其可能作为一种信号分子参与细胞生理调节。